Bateman and Fonagy (2004) later defined Mentalization as “the mental process by which an individual implicitly and explicitly interprets the actions of himself and others as meaningful on the basis of intentional mental states such as personal desires, needs, feelings, beliefs and reasons” (Bateman & Fonagy, 2009). To effectively “mentalize”, one must imagine the thoughts and feelings of others; hence, mentalization is a mental process. Quality of mentalization is superior when one is genuinely aware that it is not possible to know what is in someone else’s mind (Bateman & Fonagy, 2004). Based on the content and process of mentalizing, Bateman and Fonagy (Bateman & Fonagy, 2004) categorized mentalization into three dimensions: firstly, two modes of functioning (i.e., implicit and explicit), secondly, two objects (i.e., self and other), and …show more content…
Yet difference between mentalizing explicitly and implicitly seems hazy. This distinction is a gradual process of representational re-description from implicit to explicit, taking place during developmental stages and in clinical settings over the course of psychotherapy (Karmiloff-Smith, 1995). It is possible to alternate between these two modes and use them simultaneously as well (Choi-Kain et al., 2008). Mentalized affectivity is a core concept of psychodynamic psychotherapy. It is the identification and modulation of freedom to choose, with respect to object (self and others) a variety of expression for every kind of mental states including feelings, thoughts, motives, intentions, beliefs, desires, needs, etc. (Fonagy et al., 2004). The two objects in this framework i.e. self and others, mentalize interactively. While imagining one’s own thoughts and feelings, one determines one’s idea of what is in other’s mind and vice
David Eagleman’s Incognito: The Secret Lives of the Brain is a book about the depths of the brain and how one’s conscience affects him daily. Through this work, Eagleman discusses how the mind drives people to act on certain behaviors. Eagleman further proves through practical facts that there is a significant association with the conscious and subconscious mind. Eagleman shows with scientific credibility, metaphors, and rhetorical questions that people should be able to trust their senses.
By providing this statement, Wallace furthers his argument that it is best to be self-aware of one’s thoughts. If one cannot exercise having control over one’s own thoughts, then adult life will be difficult. I. Wallace provides another description of a scenario of how people view everyday situations from a
Self-concept Self-concept is the way an individual see’s
One of Freud’s theories is that the “Id – Ego combination dominates a person’s behavior until social awareness leads to the emergence of the superego, which recognizes that
Freud was inspired by this theory and believed that the mind has many flows. One of the strengths of psychodynamic intervention for is its capacity to identify underlying issues such as resentment and anger that may have their genesis in early childhood familial experiences. Secondly, psychodynamic therapy "places heavy emphasis on patients ' relationships and interpersonal experience" (Shedler, 2010, para.
Jean Piaget, known for his interest in the Epistemology in children is seen as the pioneer of Developmental Psychology. Piaget 's Cognitive development theory led to a great deal of research work in the field of educational philosophy . But in the discipline of Psychology, every theory has been faced with a counter theory or an alternative. So is the case with Piaget 's theory. Lev Vygotsky, a soviet psychologist came up with the socio-cultural theory, which is another strong theory emphasizing child development and is seen as a major counter theory to Piaget 's work (Saul McLeod, 2004).
In Mcleod’s article, it said that people “‘think about, evaluate, or perceive’ themselves” (Mcleod 1). Mcleod talks, in the article, about how people thinking, evaluating, and perceiving about themselves is call self-concept. Whenever people think about themselves, most of the time, people are confused about whether or not they are pursuing right actions for their future, especially people with low self-esteem . Furthermore, people get more confused if their actions dramatically differ from others. However, again, people’s actions determine who they are, so even if their actions are dramatically different from others, it may be a path for that person’s success.
Management of emotions is the capability to link or detach from feelings based on its effectiveness in given
The cognitive level of analysis aims to study how the inner processes of the mind processes information gained, and how they are interpreted and applied into the real world. Within this level of analysis, it was found that the cognitive and biological factors of our mind influence how we feel, or in other words, our emotions. Emotion can be defined as the body’s response to any specific situation. As all human beings can express how they feel through facial expressions, this suggests that emotions are biological rather than cognitive. However, emotions can be dependent on both the cognitive and biological factors of our body.
If we look at the aim of psychology from this perspective, the aim is to look beyond superficial differences such as gender, race and culture to unveil these processes. In traditional psychology the “Self” is seen as a restricted or bounded and autonomous being. Internal attributes such as emotions, independence, thoughts, contextual factors as well as social factors defines the
Psychotherapy has its origins in psychoanalysis, also known as the “talking cure” that was first developed by Sigmund Freud.7 The term psychodynamic refers to the “forces of the mind that are in motion”.8 Freud coined the term psychodynamic when he realised that the mind was an ever-changing system, roiling with constantly moving energised elements. Most of the activities of these mental elements occurred out of the awareness, which Freud described as unconscious. Freud postulated that these unconscious mental activities could affect one’s conscious thoughts, feelings and behaviour.8 Psychodynamic psychotherapy is,
Many theories of group counselling have borrowed ideas and approaches from psychoanalysis. The primary aim of the analytic process is reorganize the client’s personality and character structure. This aim is attained by making unconscious conflicts conscious and analysing them. Wolf (1963, 1975) developed group applications of fundamental psychoanalytic approaches such as working with transference, free association, dreams, and the historical factors of existing behaviour. The group leader relates understanding to the family-like relations that emerge among the members and between the members and the therapist.
Psychoanalytic Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) is reflected as the forefathers of psychology and founder of psychoanalysis. Based on Freud’s theories, psychoanalytic therapy is a type of treatment that tends to observe at the background from early childhood to perceive if these situations have affected the individual’s life, or to current issues. (Counselling Directory, 2014) This therapy discovers how the unconscious mind empowers thoughts and behaviors, with the purpose of offering insight and resolution to the person seeking therapy. This form of therapy is a long-term treatment whereby it can take duration up to weeks, months or even years depending on the complexity of the patient being explored.
1.2 Overview of Self-Awareness When self-awareness is used, it means to what extent people are aware of their thinking pattern, traits, feelings and behavior (Brown, 2012). Fletcher and Bailey (2003) state that it is possible to preview at our own self-assessment and assessment made by other people in relation to self-awareness for instance, the scope of which we can exactly recognise how others observe us. In the same way, Yammarino and Atwater (1997) identify self-awareness as an adeptness of an individual to view own performance related to a specific criteria and then, evaluate others assessment of the individual and monitor precisely linking the two consequences. Fletcher and Bailey (2003) states the relationship between self-awareness and performance is significant when assessing self-awareness and further presents
In Lacan terms it is a constituted ego formed by the recognition of what one is seen and spoken as by others (84). This is divided into two phases. The first phase, The Mirror Stage, occurs in