The Importance Of Redox Reaction
Introduction:
Free radicals are atoms/molecules that have unpaired electrons in their orbital structure. Free radicals are required for all living organisms for survival. In an organism, they are produced through highly conserved and important biological redox reactions. Redox reaction is a reaction that involves transfer of electrons between reductant and oxidant. Consequently, making biological process activated or inactivated.
Superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical, hypochlorous acid and hydroperoxide radical are examples of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Superoxide radical is produced during electrons leakage from the mitochondrial electron transfer chain (ETC). It is also produced during nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
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Balance of the redox system is important for various physiological reactions, such as metabolism, gene replication, transcription, and translation. Dysregulation of the redox system gives rise to oxidative stress and is associated with pathogenesis of HIV infection. Oxidative stress affects cellular functions such as proliferation, migration, and cell death.
The redox balance appears to be intact when there is sufficient amount of trace element concentrations. Nevertheless, surveys consistently have shown that micronutrients decrease in HIV infected individuals when compared to healthy controls. The present chapter emphasizes how oxidative stress contributes to trace elements deficiency and thereafter the pathological aspects that arise from the metals concentration in the human physical structure due to HIV.
To begin with, we shall discuss the factors, along with oxidative stress that can be responsible for lower levels of trace elements in HIV infected individuals.
How trace element deficiency occurs in HIV infected and AIDS
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