Biology: 'One Long Argument'

Social Darwinism started in Britain in 1870. Social Darwinism is basically a collection of theories that promotes the idea that that humans compete for existence and those that are more “fit” survive life. They based their theories on Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution. Some Darwinists believed that the government shouldn’t change human nature by regulating economy or attempting to solve social problems. They promoted competition because they believed that some people, nations, or races were better fit to survive.

Three of the most well known theories are: Darwinism, Lamarckism and Creationism. Darwinism is the theory in which believes that species evolved due to natural selection. Whereas, Lamarckism is the theory also based on scientific discoveries but advises us that organism can pass on characteristics that have been obtained

In his article God’s Utility Function, Dr. Richard Dawkins brings the Darwinian Theory of natural selection to a different level. Dr. Dawkins asks the questions “Why are we here? What are we for? Why are we what we are?”. He asks ‘Why do some organisms survive and some perish?”.

This is an easy way to spread this new knowledge and this is the relation that Johnson-Sheehan trying to say that relate to Darwin’s work in “Origin of Species”. Darwin used different wording of metaphor to spread his theory out in public that can be persuasive from his perspective. In one of his chapter called, Natural Selection, he used his own interpretation of nature and mankind, “Can the principle of selection, which we have seen is so potent in the hands of man, apply in nature?” (Darwin, 6). This statement goes hand in hand with Johnson-Sheehan’s view of scientific metaphor, Darwin’s explanation of his idea or his theory made it easy to understand to communicate with the readers. The wording and language highlight the readers and he is relating the common process in nature to the audiences.

In The Descent of Man (1871) Darwin’s overall argument is that humankind descent from common, lower form of species. Since this evolution of the human species took place over a long period of time, Darwin investigates also the “history” of mankind. As a result these two topics as are related to each other whereas the pure biological evolution can hardly be studied isolated from the development of mankind and vise versa. Darwin’s application of the concept of “Natural Selection” for human evolution serves as a useful example to see the interconnection between evolution and history (Darwin, The Descent of Man, 1871, 200). In this part of the book, Darwin describes how body structures of early humans gradually changed and adapt in order to survive

He later continued his research and wrote the book The Descent of Man. Darwin is also commonly credited with writing the ideas of natural selection, variation/adaptation, and evolution. His studies are the foundation of modern evolutionary studies. Darwin 's studies were also used to justify some major wars, saying that natural selection was taking place in humans and the weak will die and only the strongest will survive. Otto von Bismarck was a 19th century, Prussian, politician.

The notebooks appear to show that Darwin entertained the hypothesis of evolutionary transmutation shortly after his return from the voyage of the Beagle. Darwin also tested his hypothesis many times by spending many years on experiments and observations with barnacles and fertilization of orchids. These facts show the contradicting information from what he published to the public and what he actually did. New ideas and creativity are important to science because science is done using the hypothetico-deductive method. The first part of this method is developing a hypothesis, sometimes by being imaginative or creative.

In Did Habermas Cede Nature to the Positivists?, Gordon Mitchell creates a philosophical discussion concerning the validity of Jürgen Habermas’s “colonization of the lifeworld” thesis. Habermas’s thesis sought to elucidate the implications of society’s propensity for “converting social issues into technical problems” that require resolutions based off a “scientific mode of decision-making” (Mitchell, 1). This mechanical mode of thinking stems from the idea that science is objective in nature, in which there is always a right way and a wrong way. However, Habermas argues that “joint communicative action by deliberating citizens would yield more appropriate and legitimate judgments” in the field of social sciences (Mitchell, 1). Although many

Jean Piaget was a Swiss psychologist and epistemologist best known for pioneering studies on cognitive development in children. Piaget is best known for his theory of cognitive development and for advancing the field of genetic epistemology, which he established. Piaget was born in Neuchâtel, Switzerland on August 9th, 1896 to Arthur Piaget, a university professor, and Rebecca Jackson. Since young childhood, Piaget showed an aptitude for biology, particularly with his studies concerning mollusks which garnered professional attention. Additionally, Piaget was introduced to epistemology at a young age by his godfather, who stressed the importance of studying philosophy and logic.

Darwin was always aware of the importance of artificial selection, but it was not until after Darwin began reading Malthus that he applied sexual selection to evolution During the year he formed this theory, Darwin read literature on animal breeders. From these animal breeders, Darwin developed some worthy concepts like the importance of diversity among organisms in a herd. Darwin added a key component to his theory on natural selection by studying the practice of artificial selection. This was important in advancing Darwin’s theory because it supplied him of part of the experimental proof that he needed to prove his theory of evolution by natural