Bioluminescence In Chemistry

Therefore pyruvate must be oxidised to yield Acetyl-CoA and CO2 which is carried out by pyruvate dehydrogenase (PHD). This is a complex structure that consist of a cluster of enzymes found in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells. This reaction is called the oxidative decarboxylation. It is an irreversible oxidative process. Here the carboxyl group is removed from the pyruvate as a molecule of C02 and the remaining two carbons are used to become the acetyl group in the Acetyl-CoA. Therefore pyruvate C3 is converted to acetate c2.

This reaction involves oxidation which is the loss of electrons and reduction which is the gain of electrons, both of which occur simultaneously and depend upon each other. An example of an Oxidoreductase enzyme is Lactate Dehydrogenase. The class Transferase catalyses reactions which transfer functional groups such as amino groups, phosphate groups or others. An example of the Transferase class of enzyme is Alanine Deaminase. Hydrolase catalyses any hydrolysis reaction and examples are Lipase and Sucrase.

The three things that can cause the enzyme to denature is a large change in pH level, High Temperature, and substrate concentration. According to our knowledge, we know that a large change in pH will cause instability in the protein structure thus resulting in denaturation of the enzyme. From the data, we can see that pH 3 (total:6.3) and 10 (total:6.2) were the slowest because pH 3 is probably the highest acid and pH 10 is the highest base. The highest acid or base pH represents a large change which would cause the enzyme to denature. The fastest pH was 6 (total:34.5), and it seems that there wasn’t a large change which resulted in a stable structure.

The enzyme substrate complex is when the enzyme and substrate bonded together on the active site splits and splits the hydrogen peroxide into oxygen and water. Lastly, the induce fit hypothesis is stating how the exposure of an enzyme to a substrate causes the active site of an enzyme to change until a substrate can completely bind to

Globin- It is a protein surrounding & protecting the heme molecule. Heme synthesis: Heme synthesis is carried out in mitochondria & cytosol of the cell involving cascade of steps :- 1) The first step occurs in mitochondria, where condensation of succinyl-CoA & glycine is carried out by enzyme ALA-synthase resulting in product formation i.e. 5-aminolevulinic acid.

Chlorophyll a, the most common form of chlorophyll, is contained within all photosynthetic organisms which absorbs light from violet-blue and orange-red wavelengths making them green.

Bound acyl adenylate reacts with coenzyme A (CoASH) to yield a high energy xenobiotic-CoA thioester intermediate that will link the activated acyl group to the amino group of the acceptor amino acid with regeneration of CoASH.101 Glutathione conjugation involves conjugation of the tripeptide glutathione with a xenobiotic that is enzymatically catalyzed by glutathione transferases. The detoxification pathway of xenobiotics via glutathione is discussed in

INTRODUCTION: Arginase is an enzyme- enzymes are biological catalyst which drives a reaction at the speed of life. Arginase is a hydrolase, hydrolases catalyze hydrolysis reactions, this is determined via the E.C number (Nelson and Cox 2008). Arginase has the EC number is 3.5.3.1 (Schomburg 2015). The enzyme ‘commission number’ is the arithmetical classification that is used for enzymes which indicates the chemical reaction they catalyze.

Reactions in the human body produce hydrogen peroxide as a product (1). Since hydrogen peroxide is poisonous to the human body, catalase catalyzes hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen (2 H2O2 → 2 H2O + O2) (1). According to the collision theory, a reaction can only occur if particles collide with sufficient energy to overcome the activation energy and with correct geometrical orientation (3). Increasing temperature increases the kinetic energy of the particles which means that an increase in temperature will increase the speed of the hydrogen peroxide and the catalase molecules which

Chlorine dioxide responds specifically with amino acids and the RNA in the cell. It is not clear whether chlorine dioxide attacks the cell structure or the acids inside the cell. The generation of proteins is avoided. Chlorine dioxide influences the cell layer by changing film proteins and fats and by anticipation of

A: What is an Ion? 1. Ion is a changed atom or an atom with the number of electrons different from it number of protons 2. Ionic bonding is the chemical bonding in which 2 or more ions are linked by virtue of its opposite charge 3. Ionic compound is a collection of atoms of 2 or more elements that have become lined through ionic bonding 2.4

While CO2 is produced, the amount of CO2 produced is different depending on the organisms, in this case crayfish. To test the changes in pH, NaOH is used to neutralize the carbonic acid produced by the crayfish, by which the

The first part of this lab was to get a chromatography, spinach and a quarter. The next step was to draw a line of the chromatography and rub the spinach leaf on it with the quarter. After this, the next step was to place the chromatography paper inside the tube and allow the solvent to rise to the paper. The final step was to remove the paper and mark the spots where the colors had shown up as they would disappear soon after. By doing this lab, it was possible to see all the different accessory pigments as well as the chlorophyll.

Despite Lucifer no longer being in Heaven as well as no longer being attributed to Jehovah, he is nonetheless alluring, enlightened, and strong. There is a battle versus him along with Jehovah in order to determine who will prevail as God. When Lucifer departed Heaven, he was given the name Satan by the Christian God, that means ‘accuser’ or ‘adversary’, in consequence of the fact that he was presently his enemy.