Clotting Cascade Case Study

Nicotinic Acid has specific effects on cholesterol metabolism and it actually thought to lower cholesterol levels. Although Vitamin B3 was discovered in 1911, its full role as a vitamin was not known until 1937. Deficiency of Vitamin B3 produces pellagra, a condition characterised by dermatitis, diarrhoea and dementia. Other symptoms of Vitamin B3 deficiency include lack of energy, insomnia, headaches or migraine, poor memory, anxiety or tension, depression, irritability, bleeding or tender gums, acne, eczema and dermatitis. Like many other B vitamins B3 was first isolated from yeast.

Coagulation system is a process to prevent blood loss from the body. Hemostasis process occurred in three phases, vascular platelet phase, activation of the coagulation cascade and the activation of a control mechanism. Mostly, the system is triggered by a damaged blood vessel. After vascular injury, rapid vasoconstriction will serve to reduce blood flow. At the same time, von Willebrand factor (vWf) will act as a bridge between endothelial collagen and platelet surface receptor glycoprotein Ib (GPIb) which will promote platelet adhesion (Green, 2006).

Vitamin B12 (Cobalmin) is a water soluble vitamin and plays a key role in the normal functioning of the brain and nervous system, and in the formation of red blood cells. Vitamin B12 deficiency can occur if the body does not absorb enough vitamin B12 from the gastrointestinal tract or when there is not enough dietary intake of the vitamin. One common cause of deficiency is as a result of pernicious anaemia which is an autoimmune disorder that results in inflammation and damage to the stomach lining, and loss of parietal cells. The parietal cells produce intrinsic factor, a protein needed for absorption of Vitamin B12 in the gut.

Anatomy and Physiology Assignment 2 – Essay The Lymphatic System The lymphatic system has three primary functions. It drains excess interstitial fluid from tissue spaces and returns it to the blood, enabling circulatory blood volume to be maintained; transports lipids and lipid-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract; and is responsible for the body’s adaptive (specific) immunity, ie. defences against microbes that breach its innate (non-specific) immunity (eg. skin, fever, inflammation): it adjusts or adapts to perform specific responses to specific microbes.

E.g. 99mTc-tetrofosmin (Myoview, GE healthcare), 99mTc-sestamibi (Cardiolite, Bristol-Myers Squibb now Lantheus Medical Imaging). Following this, the heart rate is raised to induce myocardial stress, either by exercise or pharmacologically with adenosine, dobutamine or dipyridamole (aminophylline can be used to reverse the effects of

Niacin is needed for energy metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, and it is needed by the cells to enable the release energy. Nicotinamide, a derivative of niacin, is required by the body for making coenzymes NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and NADP (nicotinamide

Alyah al Mutairi Mr. Washington Biology class H 14.12.15 Deciding the behavior of amylase under the implement of excess pH levels Problem: To verify if amylase maintains to operate with the influence of hydrochloric acid Prelab: Independent variable: pH levels Dependent variable: The effect of pH enzyme action Control: Positive: Saliva and HCL+ saliva

The most common side effect of chelation therapy is a burning sensation at the site where the EDTA is injected into the vein. Rarely, side effects can include fever, headache, nausea, and vomiting. Serious and potentially fatal side effects, which are very rare, include heart failure; a sudden drop in blood pressure; abnormally low blood levels of calcium; permanent kidney damage; and bone marrow depression (meaning that blood cell counts fall). Infrequently, reversible kidney injury has been reported. Other serious side effects can occur if EDTA is not administered by a trained health professional.

Salivary flow rate below 0.1ml/min for unstimulated whole saliva or 0.7ml/min for stimulated whole saliva is suggestive of hyposalivation. Sialochemistry can be helpful to assess specific qualitative alterations in saliva. Nutritional deficiencies, diabetes mellitus and menopausal disorders are diagnosed through haematological assessment of nutritional status, blood glucose and estrogen/progesterone concentrations respectively. The presence of underlying psychological disorders can be revealed by appropriate structured interviews and/or psychometric instruments. If clinical or laboratory examination reveals the presence of any these factors, then speculation of secondary BMS should be made.

An investigation of the relationship between different concentrations of Sodium Chloride and the rate of reaction of Amylase Marjolijn Hoogevoorst Yeshvanth Prabakar IS12 Word count: 2222 words Introduction: Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy. Amylase is a type of digestive enzyme found in the pancreases and saliva of humans. Amylase breaks down starch into sugar, allowing large molecules to be digested easily.

When the calcium level in the blood is scarce, the cells of the parathyroids sense this and produce additional parathyroid hormone. When the parathyroid hormone is freed into the blood, it flows to act in a number of places in order to enlarge the amount of calcium in the blood. When the calcium level in the blood is too excessive, the cells of the parathyroids produce less parathyroid hormone or stop completely, which allows the calcium levels to

With a liver and immune system in good health the ability to destroy virus material is effective and you will rarely be ill. But, if the liver is toxic then it can 't defend itself against viral infections. The liver cell 's ability to deal with toxins, drugs, food additives, etc., is greatly impaired by the presence of gallstones. Gallstones stuck in the bile duct leading to the duodenum or in fibrous tissue is the most common form of jaundice.

The most important intracellular buffer systems are phosphate and protein. The most important plasma buffer systems are carbonic acid-bicarbonate and the protein hemoglobin. The carbon acid-bicarbonate buffer is a major extracellular buffer and operates within the lungs and the kidneys. To decrease the amount of carbonic acid the lungs function to remove carbon dioxide and leave water remaining. In turn, the kidneys use the carbon dioxide and water to create or absorb bicarbonate.

It is released in moments of stressed, whether emotionally, physically, or environmentally. Cortisol plays an important role in regulating our body metabolism in breaking down protein to amino acids, which is then moved to liver. The liver then converts these excess amino acids to glucose.

Currently there are three medications, Teriflunomide, Fingolimod and Dimethyl Fumarate. While these medications offer the convenience of a pill they have considerable and potentially dangerous side effects. Teriflunomide (Aubagio) works by blocking the enzyme dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, which inhibit rapidly dividing cells like those of the immune system. Serious side effects include inability to fight infection, breathing problems and high blood pressure. Other side effects include: headache; diarrhea; nausea; hair thinning or loss; and abnormal liver test results.