Bluetongue Case Study

4, 8 NEUROLOGIC Epilepsy 4, 8 and deafness 8 have been listed as occurring in the breed. The age of onset of the seizures has been reported as between 6 months to one year of age. OPHTHALMIC Microphthalmia has been reported in the Bouvier des Flandres. 8 Affected dogs are born with abnormally small eyeballs that are usually associated with other anomalies such as prolapse of the nictitating membrane, corneal opacities and cataracts. Affected dogs are blind or visually impaired.

For decades humans have tested on helpless animals with cosmetics, medicines and other medical supplies such as bandages, cleaning products, candy, and even office supplies. Animal experimentation is a cruel and inhumane act upon creatures who are believed to be fearless and painless. But, on the contrary, others believe that animal testing has become a groundbreaking way of research for numerous diseases. Although many have mixed feelings about animal testing, it is something that we must address and take seriously, realizing that it is a horrible act upon innocent animals. According to the Humane Society International, animals are commonly subjected to force-feeding, forced inhalation, food and water deprivation, and many other pain-inducing and life-threatening situations during such experiments.

It bthe type of parasitic infection by tapeworm. This is one of common disease occur in most areas of the world. It also require two hosts, definitive host-carnivores and intermediate hosts- sheep and cattle. Humans are accidental hosts, because they are a dead end of this infection. Humans are infected by handling soil, dirt or animal hair that contains eggs of this tapeworm..In humans they are localized in the liver in most of the cases and in other organs of bodies such as spleen, brain heart and kidney.

INTRODUCTION Influenza viruses constitute the genus Orthomyxovirus belong to the family Orthomyxoviridae, which consists of three species: A, B, and C. They are negative, single stranded RNA viruses. These viruses cause influenza also known as flu. Influenza is contagious acute respiratory disease that is marked by fever, chills, headache and feeling tired. It causes seasonal epidemics during winter mostly in the United States and Canada. Type C causes less severe flu compared to flu caused by type A and B. MODES OF TRANSMISSION Influenza spreads by tiny droplets when people with a flu talk, cough or sneeze.

However, its efficacy is inferior when compared to doxycycline, it has more side effects, and it has a complex dosing schedule. It is recommended for pregnant patients and those with tetracycline allergies. However, doxycycline should be considered in pregnant patients with severe symptoms.There is no evidence to support the use of post-exposure prophylaxis for (RMSF) (Medley O'Keefe Gatewood, & Mitchell, K., 2014). Preventive measures for Rocky Mountain spotted fever and other tick-borne diseases include: wearing long-sleeved, light colored clothing; wearing long pants and boots; tucking pant legs into boots; checking for tick attachment and removing attached ticks promptly; applying topical insect repellent; and treating clothing with permethrin. Ticks may be carried into the house on clothing.

Table of Contents Introduction and Overview of Rickettsia and Rocky Mountain spotted fever 3 Symptoms 3 Treatment 4 The immune response…………………………….…………………………………………………………………………… 4 Pathophysiology of Rocky Mountain spotted fever (Rickettsia rickettsii) 5 The detailed immune response 6 The innate response …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….6 The specific response …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………7 References………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………10 Table of figures Figure 1: Incidence and case fatality in the United States 1920-2010 3 Figure 2: Maculopapular rash caused by Rocky Mountain spotted fever 4 Figure 3: DC maturation 8 Figure 4: Diagrammatic representation of the complete immune response 9   Introduction and Overview of Rickettsia and Rocky Mountain spotted fever Rickettsia rickettsii is a bacterium that causes the Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF). (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013) This bacterium causes a potentially fatal disease in humans and is commonly transmitted by ticks. (Centers for Disease Control

Ticks are carriers of two major diseases Lyme disease and Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Ticks of the genus Ixodes (Deer Ticks or black legged tick) are a known carrier and transmitter of Lyme disease, but there could be more. Rocky Mountain spotted fever is primarily transmitted by the American dog tick, but the lone star tick can also transmit the

It may bring about an ectopic pregnancy since the fallopian tube may be infected and the egg may stick to one of the cyst. The pain is felt in the lower two quadrants of the abdominal cavity. It is also felt within the vagina or rectum during the menstrual cycle. In many cases the person’s organs will no longer appear smooth and pink but have bloody lesions, black speckles and blood clots around the

They can feel physical pain like humans when subjected to these methods of testing, as well as display human like emotions such as depression, anxiety, fear and more. The animals that are exposed to toxins and chemicals can also become deformed along with their offspring. Supporters of animal testing might say that animal testing is needed for scientific research and medical purposes. They would say that it’s better to have done the testing on animals rather than humans. Since starting animal testing medical and scientific research has come a long way.

It is also dangerous when they test on animals because they could get hurt and die. Their bodies and DNA are not the same and some experiments to find cures they have to either hurt the animal or kill it. Millions of animals like rabbits, guinea pigs, dogs, and other animals are used by scientists because they think that they will be able to find a cure for humans. To research on them, they will need to infect them with the disease and the disease could possibly be deadly. Organizations like PETA were able to find the cure of cancer on mice, but the cure did not work on humans (PETA).