Statement of the Problem
Most breast cancer cases are found in women over 35, but tumors that are found in younger women tend to be more aggressive and are associated with lower survival rates (Norman & Cooper, 2011). On average the size of a breast cancer tumor among young women between the ages 16-20 are slightly larger and more progressive than a tumor found in a woman older than 35 (Shin, Park & Kim, 2012). If a lump is found at an early stage there are more chances in removing the cancer before it spreads to other parts of the body. Improving the likelihood that a specific treatment will be successful is merely finding the cancer as soon as possible (Chowdhury & Sultana 2011). The question becomes, what are the awareness levels of college-aged women on breast cancer and breast self-examinations.
Introduction
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Breast cancer is a malignant tumor that has developed from cells of the breast (Chowdhury & Sultana 2011). Some evidence indicates that mammography screening is less effective prior to the age of 35, due to denser breast tissue. Thus self-examinations seem to be the most reliable means of early detection in the college age group (Umeh & Jones, 2010). Mother-daughter communication may be a key factor in college women getting the necessary knowledge about breast self-examinations (BSE) that they don’t receive from healthcare providers. Media also has a large impact on the way college women seek health
Cancer researchers say breast cancers tend to grow more slowly after menopause, making it safe for women to be checked less often as they age. While mammograms are one of the best known tools for early detection of breast cancer, the new guidelines say doctors no longer need to do breast exams during women 's checkups. Dr. Michelle Sahinler, a Grace Health System gynecologist, says women should do a breast self-exam monthly, and their doctor should still do a yearly exam. “I’ve detected a lump in the last year in a patient who ended up having breast cancer,” she says.
She was not examined properly, she had been ignored by the clinic, the doctors and staff were erroneous, and there were too many delays in her treatment. These problems caused the effect of her needing to have a full mastectomy when if she would’ve received proper treatment her risk of a mastectomy could have been avoided. At the initial physical evaluation that had apparently included a breast exam, the doctor should have noted a lump, and in addition the evaluation was very cursory. The delay in getting on the nurses list had caused the pea sized lump to grow to the size of a golf ball, between the cursory exams and the delays the actions therefore caused the
Neyman v. Doshi Diagnostic Imaging Services presents a case between the plaintiff, the spouse of a deceased breast cancer patient, and her treating physician, Dr. Leonid Sorkin, and Doshi Diagnostic Imaging Services. The plaintiff’s counsel argues that Dr. Sorkin deviated from the standard of care and therefore delayed the patient’s diagnosis and treatment which affected her prognosis (Neyman v. Doshi, 2017). The plaintiff’s position against Doshi Diagnostic was that the radiologist should have suggested to Dr. Sorkin that a mammogram be performed as a follow-up to the negative findings on the sonogram (Neyman v. Doshi, 2017). On March 6, 2016, Olena Neyman presented to Dr. Sorkin with the complaint of left nipple discharge, yellowish green in color and pus-like (Neyman v. Doshi, 2017).
The Rhetorical Zenith of the Color Pink “The Problem With Pink” by Peggy Orenstein attempts to convey the message to society that people should not advocate for a campaign that only shows a one-sided opinion: early detection using mammograms will increase the survival rate of breast cancer. It is best to start off stating that Orenstein is also a biased writer(in a way) due to her majority of numerous books about female empowerment. She is known for her wide-ranging feminist writing about everything from princess culture to breast cancer. Therefore, it is inferred that her audience are most likely females and the general public regarding issues affecting women. Overall, this analysis of this article will ultimately reveal the flaws of Orenstein’s
Lifestyle and environmental factors have been closely analyzed for any links that may increase breast cancer risk. During research, it has been found that newer lab tests that are more sensitive, can detect cancer cells that maybe have broken away from the tumor in order to help predict the recurrence of the
2 were expected to have recurrences, but there was only 1 actual recurrence. The pharmaceutical companies claim the relative risk reduction is 50%, because one is 50% of 2. 2 would be statisically likely to have their breast cancer recur during the trial, but only 1 actually had a recurrence, so the risk is cut in half from a relative point of
After reading “Stop Setting Alarms on My Biological Clock”, Friedman was a successful convincing mothers should not ask women when
Women attaining lower incomes are more likely to experience the worst outcomes when they are diagnosed with breast cancer. Hence, studies have demonstrated that African American women are 40% to 70% risk of being diagnosed with stage 4
The nineteenth century is a new age, and it is one of surgery. In a Baltimore clinic in 1890, Atossa would be given a radical mastectomy which removes the tumor along with deep chest muscles. She is treated with X-rays in the early twentieth century and then in the 1950s, her cancer is treated with both a mastectomy and radiation. The 1970s follow her surgery up with chemotherapy to reduce the chance of relapse and when her tumor tests positive for the estrogen receptor, Tamoxifen is also added to her treatment. It is hard to say for sure
The article Cancer Butch written by Sarah. L Jain really shows how cancer degrades women and the perspective of it looked at from how women feel degraded. In the book Cancer Journals by Audre Lorde she believes “This pressure, she thought, tended, on the one hand, to steer women away from coming to terms with the multiple losses that accompany the disease and, on the other hand, to make women feel the lack of a breast as a stigma: a sign of shame, a token of lost sexuality, and therefore an indicator of cultural worthlessness.” This depicts that cancer was not only downgrading women, but also taking a way of how they felt about themselves, with the breast as just a disgrace to their bodies. Another thing stated by Audre Lorde is, “She writes,
The vast majority women who is eligible for screening is in between 50 to 74 years but women aged 40 to 49 and 75 years and over are also available. Although women under 40 is in low risk category but still some of them can develop breast cancer. Around 27% of all female cancers are due to breast cancer except skin cancer. So that its high important to make sure that women are getting screening. (11) The success of breast screening program depends on majority voluntary participation.
Diagnostic mammography. Diagnostic mammography is similar to screening mammography except that more pictures of the breast are taken, and it is often used when a woman is experiencing signs, such as a new lump or nipple discharge. Diagnostic mammography may also be used if something suspicious is found on a screening
Another issue that may arise, is the cost of these screenings, and how long it will take to see claims go down. Employers would need to pay for these screenings, and they may not see the benefit for quite some time. The goal of this essay is to persuade people to become educated about their health, and to take action to lead a healthier lifestyle. In order to be successful, this essay need to convince the reader that taking a health screening is a safe and effective way to learn about their health, and to save
Also, cosmetic procedures have increased by 39% over the past five years (from 2011) with surgical procedures up 17% and nonsurgical procedures up 44%(ASPS statistics). It shows that young women are willing to put themselves in danger because they feel the need to meet society's expectations of beauty. When going into cosmetic surgery, there is a risk of death or side effects that people are aware of, but still undergo the procedure. All because we live in a world where first impressions are made by how we look and thanks to magazines advertisements they set the “ideal” look for us and we all try to reach that look no matter how it
Pathologic grading is based on Modified Bloom Richardson scoring which utilizes three variables: gland-formation (tubularity), degree of variation in nuclear size and shape (pleomorphism), and ‘hyper chromatic figures’ as an estimate of proliferation(Bloom HJG et al 1957 and S. THORESENet al1982). The College of American Pathologists and the World Health Organization endorse this classification. The basic principle is summation of scores for the three variables, each of which is assigned from one to three points according to degree of departure from normal breast epithelium. A total score of 5 or less defines grade 1, 6–7 points grade 2 and 8–9 points grade 3. ( Spitale, A. Et al 2009)