Bronfenbrenner's Theory

Non offending mother and father not most effective ought to assist their youngsters get over maltreatment, but additionally need to address their personal complicity in permitting the maltreatment to arise, or in failing to apprehend the signs and symptoms of abuse of their children. The presence of toddler abuses and neglect in a network reflects attitudes about toddler rearing, punishment, and popularity of violence as a solution to issues.” (pop center.org) ultimately, because many types of child maltreatment are crimes, and due to the fact the effects of infant abuse and overlook consist of delinquency, substance abuse, and violence, efforts to lessen the prevalence of toddler abuse and neglect are important to lengthy-term public health and public protection efforts

Numerous studies have revealed that individual characteristics of the juvenile and various other factors cane increase the probability of offending and may also predict substance abuse, teenage pregnancy, dropping out of school and other problems during adolescence and early adulthood (Listenbee, 2014). Although the risk of juvenile offending is dependent on the number of risk factors a youth experiences, the number of protective factors is also highly influential in determining whether or not a youth engages in delinquency (Church, Springer & Roberts, 2014). Risk factors include, but are not limited to the introduction of aggressive behavior in early childhood; the use or abuse of substances; the experience of abuse, neglect, and maltreatment at home; low levels of parental attachment; having a low socioeconomic status; or even involvement with a delinquent peer group. The above mentioned risk factors are only a few of the everyday things that can affect a child and cause some form of delinquency. There are protective factors that will inhibit the conduct such as having a positive or resilient temperament, a sense of self-efficacy, having that much needed level of parental involvement, and having a supportive family.

In early childhood development it is important to for children to learn positive values, which ultimately will affect their personality and behavior during their entire life course development (Elrod & Ryder, 2014). Furthermore, microsociological criminologists examine how various social institutions such as family can encourage or inhibit criminal behavior through imitation and modeling (Bohm & Vogel, 2011). Therefore, delinquency is considered an early form of deviance, and this behavior is often replicated throughout family lineage (Elrod & Ryder, 2014). Consequently, a review of thirty-nine studies, indicated genetic predispositions are deleterious in adverse environments which include socially disorganize areas, poor familial structure, lower social classes, and adult violence (Bohm & Vogel,

If a parent is uncaring and lacks a genuinely loving role in the child's life the less loving less self-confident and less loving the child will be as an adult. This presents itself as various mental illnesses in life. Peck also discusses past traumas relations to future mental and spiritual growth issues through the idea of transference. Peck states, “transference is that set of ways of perceiving and responding to the world which is developed in childhood and which is usually entirely appropriate to the childhood environment ‘(indeed often lifesaving) but which is inappropriately transferred to the adult environment”. Many maps used to deal with problems in childhood are transferred to adulthood and are ill-suited for the task.

Around the nation, sociologists, counselors, and psychologists have debated the factors of juvenile delinquency, and why these factors are so significant to the issue and this paper will present this

The strain theory states simply that there are many stressors in a young person’s life which may cause them to “act out.” The social learning theory states that adolescents imitate what they see either at home or within their peer group, which often leads to imitating criminal or delinquent behavior. The control theory states that the amount of control a parent has over their child (whether too strong or too loose) has an impact on their behavior and their likelihood to engage in delinquent behavior. Finally, the labeling theory focuses not on what initially causes delinquent behavior but the reaction that such behavior sanctions and the behavior that follows said reaction. In many cases, one aspect in an adolescent’s life can be related back to more than one, if not all four of these theories.

One of the negative effects that restrive housing is “The potential psychological harm and impairment in social functioning that arises from the social isolation of restrictive housing potentially undermines the core rehabilitative component of criminal justice” (Correction.com). One factor restrive housing has on juveniles is the brain is still developing, and it 's crucial for youths to socially interact with others. Youths being isolated from the rest of society which means youths aren 't self regulating their emotions by interacting with the rest and learning their norms. Isolating the juveniles might increase the chance of self harm but also may be labeling them as a “bad kid”. Labeling offenders can make it more difficult in trying to change their negative

The effects range from their physiological to their psychological wellbeing, in as much as the studies conducted have tried to highlight the effects on the adult children, possible ways of containing this evil should be looked into. Researchers should acknowledge the fact that alcoholism starts at a very young age and when dealing with the adult children they should know that the problem started a long time before they became adult children. More research needs to be conducted into the effects of the abuse, especially at a young age. Research should also be done into knowing that it is not a one factor to become an alcoholic, that the problem is a compounding issue. Some children begin at a very young age.

Introduction: According to the Red Cross movement Child abuse and neglect is any physical, psychological that causes harm or emotional damage to a child. Child abuse and neglect are topics that have been debated throughout history due to the diverse views on its legality that emerge when the form is brought into discussion. Brain development is the most important aspect in a child’s life and it’s a major factor in determining the person he/she will later become. Evidence suggests that, it’s not rather the type of abuse, but the levels of stress triggered by the abuse alongside the areas of the brain that are affected during the child’s development that are the major factors in the negative effects of mental upbringing and social maturity.

Hence, youth having a low socioeconomic background who are bound to face stressful life events due to poverty (Leonard, 2009) are also vulnerable to depression. In other words, youth face stressful life events as a consequence of poverty which leads them to believe that their situation is hopeless. This feeling of hopelessness makes them vulnerable to depression. Some of the tests done to examine the practical applicability of the theory have shown that the theory is partly valid in the real world. Alloy and Clements (1998) for example wanted to test the symptom component of the hopelessness theory of depression.

Agnew argues that the current adolescent generational cohort, in general, is ill-prepared to cope with the social, behaviour and academic demands that typically accompany such privileges” (Taylor, M., Marais, I. & Cottman, R., 2012, p.153). This example shows a clear link to Merton’s area of innovation as “individuals may subscribe to the culturally defined goals, but they do not have the institutionalised means of achieving them. This results in ‘innovative’ means to achieve their goals, and some of which include criminal activity” (White & Perrone, 2010, p.77). Adolescents therefore are prone to committing property offences, such as theft and burglary, because they are highly likely to commit to attain achievement of a goal that otherwise would be

Our social issue of punitive justice with a focus on restorative justice as an alternative can be applied to Erikson’s psychosocial stages of development. Considering the fact that the organization we are volunteering with focuses on restorative justice’s impact on adolescents, this discussion will particularly address Erikson’s “Identity versus Role Confusion” which corresponds to the adolescent stage of age thirteen to the early twenties. The adolescents affected by the punitive justice system are unable to define themselves and ultimately remain confused over their identity. This leads them to isolate themselves from others or try to conform in order to fit in with their peers. The punitive justice system typically apprehends students who

Effective strategies that were developed by researchers to prevent occurrences of both cyber bullying and sexting are: increasing awareness that certain behavior may result in serious consequences, provide young users with functional and effective tools that enable them to report harmful behavior, educate parents and teachers, and to evaluate circumstances based off of the up to date sociological, technical and legal research (Lievens,

This can be seen in the growing number of court-involved status offenders who were being detained and placed outside of their homes for noncriminal behavior (Shubik & Kendall, 2007). Following multiple studies and research, the President’s Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice recommended that the juvenile court be the agency of last resort and that community-based organizations, not penal institutions, should be responsible for these youths (Shubik & Kendall, 2007; Farrington,

4 – Question #11: (Ch 9) Juveniles may be represented by several different types of individuals in court, this includes: court-appointed and private lawyers, public defenders, special advocates, and guardian ad litem – who represents the juvenile often depends on the case its self. To begin, a court appointed lawyer may either be an attorney or a public defender – both of which represent defendants who do not have the financial income or money to obtain a private lawyer. An attorney is typically drawn from a roster of practicing attorneys in the jurisdiction of the case. On the other hand, a public defender is a full-time salaried employee.