As a malingering cancer, corruption is not limited to any regime but have difference in degree. Corruption has been part and parcel of Nigerian history. During the military regime with incessant coups and counter coups that followed it, every new government accuses its predecessor of encouraging corruption only to fall victim to the same web of corruption. Economic Development does not thrive in societies or nations bedeviled with corruption as it saps all the ingredients that helps in reducing poverty
effectiveness and help reduce the rate of bureaucratic bottlenecks especially among government officials whereby paperwork is rushed as a result of a bribe being paid or delayed as a result of a bribe not being paid. Bribe income also helps to attract qualified applicants to low paying jobs like position of police, customs, tax office and immigration. To a certain situation this will help reduce the unemployment rate in some countries. Additionally, corruption can help presenting to internal stability
Ethnic, linguistic, religious, nationalistic and political cleavages have always existed in Pakistan. State building crisis continued to flourish due to incompetent leaders at large. If we talk about Pakistan in more detail and as far as state scope is concerned it is minimal state and again state struggle is not enough. Mentioned below are some major challenges to national integration in Pakistan: 1. Ethnic disputes like Shiya Sunni hostility, extermination of Hazara community of Baluchistan
and new public management (Hood, 1991). (Pollitt, 1995) identifies eight characteristics of new public management it includes: cost cutting; cutting budgets and havign more transparency while allocating resources; agencification of traditional bureaucratic organizations; delivery of public services is replaced by their purchase; setting up the market and quasi-market systems; decentralization in public sector organziations; emphasizing performance related targets, indicators and output objectives;
and injustice, and tackling, climate change by 2030 among others. Pakistan adopted the SDGs on 27th September, 2015 and was the first country to adopt them through a unanimous resolution of the parliament. The government has taken numerous steps to be able to achieve these goals by 2030 such as establishing, SDG support units at provincial and federal level as well as an SDG secretariat within the parliament. ,, Furthermore, Pakistan has also kicked off its Vision 2025 which is aimed to enable
political sphere. The political & administrative agencies of Pakistan are totally controlled at the higher stratum by feudal lords. The feudal lords occupy positions as political executives and it can cause political instability in country. Due to unfair attitude towards poor people it can cause political crisis. Poor law and illetracy among rural people are caused by these feudal lords and are the main hurdles in the progress of Pakistan (www.samma.tv). The rural development, poverty alleviation and
Rivers are deeply embedded into the economic, social, political as well as cultural fabric of India. In many circumstances rivers have served as a means of linkage. However, there are instances when rivers were regarded as the source of disputes and contingencies. The origin of major rivers in India can be traced to the following there major watersheds: • The Himalaya and the Karakoram ranges • Vindhya and Satpura ranges and the Chota Nagpur Plateau in Central India • Sahyadri or Western Ghats in
Topic Name: History of Military Coup in Pakistan INTRODUCTION The military is both an institution of the state and a powerful interest group. Pakistan is a point of turbulent civil-military relations. In the 68 years since Pakistan became an independent state, the military has overthrown democratic governments three times. On each occasion, the act was motivated by violation of law of the institutional interests of the military, and supported by sections of the elites, whose interests had also
there are five arenas that identify a consolidated democracy. The first is civil society in which there is a check on state power. Secondly, there is a political society in which power is legitimately arranged. Third, rule of law. Fourth there is bureaucratic structures to maintain violence and enforce law. Lastly, there are practices to mediate state and markets in a democracy. According to Larry Diamond (1999), the democratic process allows for growth in the development of humans that protect their
bureaucracy; high rates of inflation; the absence of separation between policy and administration; the absence of rational decision making; and disregard for citizens’ satisfaction. The model was also criticized for being characterized by inefficiency, corruption, lack of accountability and inflexibility. These harsh criticisms helped in the rapid emergence of a new model, New Public Management (NPM). After that,