Abstract— CBIR is a technique that is growing interest in every field. CBIR is Content Based Image Retrieval which retrieves the image based on their content rather than keywords. This paper presents review of CBIR and its techniques. It gives an overview of currently available literature on CBIR. Different Distance Metrics like Euclidean distance, Manhattan Distance and Different feature extraction techniques like DCT, LBP are discussed in this paper
Index Terms— CBIR, Manhattan Distance, Euclidean Distance, LBP, DCT, SVM.
I. INTRODUCTION
CBIR stands for Content Based Image Retrieval. It is the process of searching image from large database using its content. Content can be color, shape, texture or any other spatial features. It is growing
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APPLICATIONS
CBIR is growing interest in many fields. Application areas of CBIR are as follows:
A. Crime Prevention
Records of criminals like photograph, fingerprint with other information is maintained by the police and investigating teams. These records are then used for face recognition and fingerprint matching.
To identify any person or to find if person is having the criminal record in past or not, these records are very useful and helpful. Using CBIR, new records are matched with previous records to find the information related to criminals.
In UK, this method is commonly in practice. Even Metropolitan Police Force in London involved with a project which is setting up an international database of images of stolen objects.
B. Medical Diagnosis
In medical field, visual information such as X- Rays, ultrasound, and scanned images with other details of patient is stored in the database. These records or images are helpful in finding the treatment with help of previous cases.
These records are also useful in teaching and research. With the help of these records, researchers can even find the treatment of new diseases. That’s why CBIR is growing interest in medical field also.
C.
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In this method, color histogram of each image in the database is computed. At the time of searching, color histogram of query image is also computed. Color histogram of query image is match with the color histogram of images in the database. Then those images are selected whose color histogram matches most closely with the histogram of query image. In this way, images are retrieved by calculating color histogram.
Fig. 5: Color Histogram of image
Color features method is widely used method for image retrieval. This method is easier as compared to shape and texture because color information is easy to extract as compared to texture and shape information. Extracting color features can be completed without regard to image size or orientation.
Color difference histogram is also used to retrieve the images from the database.
B. Shape
Shape does not refer to shape of image but it refers to shape of particular region. Shape can be determined by applying segmentation or edge detection.
Many methods use shape filters to identify given shapes of images. Some shape descriptors are Fourier transform and Moment
Assignment – There are five common purposes for medical records. List each of these purposes and provide an example of each in healthcare. Having good medical records is very important, for the proper care of patients. “Medical records can be used to manage healthcare, track healthcare, provide clinical data, meet regulatory requirements, and document healthcare” (Allen, 2013, P. 57). Without the proper documentation there is no proof that it was ever done.
1) Read all the input images and load the images into the database. I =imread(name of the image) imshow(I) set the position of image set(gcf,"position",[1,1,500,500]) Only the position and directions of these features are stored. 2) Enhancement of the features The enhancement of the image depends upon the quality of the input image to ensure the identification and verification system.
Introduction The top two and most commonly used programs for reporting and tracking crime statistics in the United States are the Uniform Crime Reports, UCR, program and the National Incident-Based Reporting System, NIBRS, program. Each program contains data from crimes and incidents that is tracked, analyzed, and reported by different law enforcement agencies from the reported incidents. While the UCR is the most commonly used, many law enforcement agencies are working towards shifting to full participation of NIBRS. Both programs use similar methodology to create reports of their crime based statistics, but still contain varying differences.
Practice Fusion Electronic Health Record (EHR) System MEA-131 Ms. Slade June 17, 2016 Sharon Liles Practice Fusion Electronic Health Record (EHR) System Technology and the evolution of Electronic Health Records is an improvement to the efficiency and the effectiveness of how healthcare providers record, communicate and process patient information. According to Practice Fusion, “since 2005, the focus of Practice Fusion is expanding the ability to aggregate clinical data and share it meaningfully, by helping to make healthcare better for everyone. To improve clinical decision, support to tracking Meaningful Use, and provide insight that deliver better, safer and more efficient
Law enforcement agencies use this system in the U.S. NIBRS reports generate data from Local, State, and Federal agencies systems. While the UCR method only grouped reports into 8 categories, the NIBRS is grouped into 23 different crime categories. The strengths of having an Incident-Based system are all the offenses in an incident are counted in the data compared to the UCR reporting and only reporting what was reported to the law enforcement agency. This report has more detail on each individual crime reported. It has such a wide range of crimes that the report can provide and collect.
It has become a powerful tool in the criminal justice system, it provides conclusive evidence that can link a suspect to a crime, help free individuals who have been wrongfully convicted of crimes, and identify victims of crimes who are deceased. DNA evidence is analyzed through a PCR (polymerase chain reaction) this method allows for the smallest specks of any type of DNA. (Staff) In the criminal justice system, there are many ways that DNA evidence is used in we use it to Identify suspects, DNA evidence collected from a crime scene is sent off and compared to DNA samples collected from suspects or from a DNA database. To determine if a suspect's DNA matches the DNA found at the crime scene.
Any DNA that remains in CODIS available for comparison against new samples from recently apprehended criminals and old samples from unsolved cases. This has become an invaluable tool for law
I think that the most significant weakness is that the NIBRS is one of the more detailed databases in the fact that it tracks for useful information like offenders with multiple offenses or multiple victims, however it is highly under reported. NIBRS was designed to improve the weakness that occur within the UCR, nevertheless if nobody is reporting to the database it cannot improve. According to Terry (2013), “Currently, police departments representing only 17 percent of the population submit data to NIBRS” (pg. 11). That is a huge weakness that only 17% report to NIBRS.
The cons of the NIBRS are they only accept test tapes from only UCR programs and Individual agencies, people who looked through their copy of the crime but does not have the NIBRS data in it don 't have it until the UCR program receive a majority
There are many different ways to determine and measure crime. UCR, NIBRS, and NCVS are just three types to differentiate, and each system has multiple ways of labeling crimes. UCR stands for Uniform Crime Report, and can be located on the governments website to compare how low or high crimes were in specific years. Uniform crime reports can be the most effective when determining part I (aggravated assault, robbery) vs part II (simple assault) crimes. Usually it is easier for precincts to send their reports to the state, being that they have more technology with determining who someone is based on fingerprints or ballistics.
The healthcare industry generates a great amount of data every day, as a form of record keeping, patient care, compliance, and regulatory requirements. Just a decade ago, all this data was stored in the form of hard copy form, now it is rapidly transforming to digital data which is called EMR (Electronic Medical Record). The digitalization of the healthcare has not just reduced cost of care, but also improved quality of care due to the abundance data that organizations receive from the EMR to identify the flaws in their system. I work in the healthcare industry where improving quality of care is our primary goal. We use software called eCW , which is an integrated system.
Each of the three lines share the similarity of rising and to the right in movement. The shape of the 1st line is the most extreme of the three lines rising the fastest. The shape of the second line is less aggressive than the first due to it rising without developing a strong upward curve. The third line is the most consistent of the three rising mostly at an angle with small curvature towards the end. Each line differs the way that they do due to the various amounts of data that creates each line.
Today, practical methods of using fingerprinting are extremely wide. In 1995, the size of the FBI fingerprint card archive contained over 200 million items, and archive size was increasing at the rate of 30,000 to 50,000 new cards per day [2]. Forensic science was the very first and most important area of its application, which still remains. The rapid development of computer technology has made it possible to create such fingerprint scanners that can be installed on laptops, cell phones, flash drives,
Additionally, face recognition is used in the crime deterrent purpose because to identify a
A computer-based information system (CBIS) is an information system that uses computer technology to perform different functions. For example, the google uses internet to accomplish its task, to reach its customers. Computer Based Information System is a field of studying computers and algorithmic processes including their applications. Such a system can include personal computer and software. It aims to support operations, management, and decision making.