Calcium is an inorganic mineral that is necessary for healthy bones and basic body functions such as cell function, blood clotting and nerve function. Hypocalcaemia is a condition that is caused by insufficient amount of calcium concentrations in the blood or by loss of calcium from the kidneys. This condition is a result of deficiency of PTH called hypoparathyroidism or Vitamin D deficiency (Elaine Murphy and Graham R Williams 2009). The body regulates normal blood calcium through the actions of three hormones called parathyroid hormone (PTH) which is synthesized and secreted by the parathyroid gland, which lies posterior to the thyroid glands, calcitriol and calcitonin. The normal adult reference range for calcium in the plasma is 2.20-2.60mmol/L and 1.20-1.37mmol/L for ionized calcium. (Dr Nessar Ahmed 2010)
Calcium homeostasis refers to the regulation of the concentration of calcium ions in the
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Hypocalcemia is caused by a number of clinical entities and often presents with signs of generalized neuromuscular irritability including paraesthesia, muscle cramps, laryngospasm, tetany, and seizures. This neuromuscular instability can also be shown through the elicitation of Chvostek’s sign which is an abnormal spasm of the facial muscles elicited by light taps on the cheek to stimulate the facial nerve in patients who are hypocalaemic (Figure 1) and Trousseau’s sign in which spasm occurs when the upper arm is compressed as a blood pressure cuff (Figure 2). Another common symptom is petechiae, which are round spots that appear on the skin as a result of bleeding under the skin (Dr Nessar Ahmed 2010). Other clinical features of hypocalcaemia involve numbness of fingers, toes and circumoral region, muscle cramps and psychological effects such as depression, personality disturbances, seizures and memory loss (Elaine Murphy and Graham R Williams
When the sarcolemma is disrupted, a release of intracellular muscle components such as creatinine kinase, muscle enzymes, and myoglobin occurs. Direct trauma combined with various other risk factors including alcoholism, muscle exertion, infections, hyperthermia, diabetes, status asthmaticus, fasting, and certain drugs can result in the development of rhabdomyolysis. The symptoms of rhabdomyolysis are often subtle and can include muscle pain (especially in the lower back or calves), fever, fatigue, vomiting, nausea, confusion, anuria, and generalized weakness. Dark reddish brown urine is also often noted in people with this condition as a result of
Consuming too much calcium can also have negative effects to the body as well. Hypercalcemia results when the calcium levels are too high in the blood, which can lead to weakened bones, kidney stones, irregular heartbeat and headaches. Some food sources of calcium are Raisin Bran breakfast cereal, fortified orange juice, almond milk, whole milk, and
Pathophysiology ANAT1066 Case study assessment Case study (b) INTRODUCTION Base on the clinical and laboratory data provided, the patient is suffering from Graves’ disease, a cause of hyperthyroidism which is a type of thyrotoxicosis. Clinical manifestation of Graves’ disease (GD) includes diffuse thyroid enlargement, palpitation and hyperthyroidism (Fukishima et al 2009). Other symptoms are ophthalmophathy which result in exopthalmos (bulging of the eye), and dermopathy (oedema) (mencori et al 2014). Hyperthyroidism has some symptoms such as heat intolerance, sweating and weight loss (mencori et al 2014). Tachycardia (a faster than normal heart rate at rest) and bruit (indicate hyper dynamic circulation) are among
In later years, adequate dietary calcium helps minimize calcium loss from the bones. Calcium protects you from viruses and bad bacteria by increasing
There are more plausible solutions such as a lack of medical knowledge, convulsive
Define homeostasis and explain its significance. - Ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world changes continuously. Indicates dynamic state of equilibrium, or a balance, in which internal conditions vary, but always within relatively narrow limits. In general, the body is in homeostasis when its needs are adequately met and it is functioning smoothly. 8) Describe how negative and positive feedback maintain body homeostasis.
Homeostasis is the body's method of keeping internal stability no matter what external influence disturbs its normal functioning (Anna, 2011). And the respiratory system is one of the systems in the body that helps to maintain homeostasis by maintaining pH and regulating gas exchange. The main function of this system is take in oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide. This system has external respiration and internal respiration. External respiration is a mechanical process that exchange of gases in and out of the body, while internal respiration is the chemical process that breaking down nutrients with oxygen to produce energy.
An ECG reading showed that Mr Collins had developed sinus tachycardia. He was anxious, and tachypnoea. Peripheral pulses (except the brachial pulse) were absent. Capillary refill time was 7-8 seconds. Mr Collins’ skin was cool and clammy.
Calabrese, dated 05/05/2017, indicated that the claimant continued to have muscle weakness with her arms hanging down. She reported feeling down, depressed, hopeless, sleeping too much, and feeling tired on several days. Her PHQ-9 total score was 3. Her mood was very worried, and her affect was anxious and intensely expressed. Continued use of current medications was recommended.
Symptoms are non-specific and characteristically include a history of headaches from intracranial hypertension secondary to obstruction of cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) in the ventricles. In addition, vomiting, nausea, visual disturbances, such as Parinaud Syndrome, auditory and balance deficits may be present as a result of pyramidal tract dysfunction. The proximity of the tectal plate to the aqueduct of Sylvius in the mesencephalon makes non-communicating hydroencephalus the most likely culprit for the increased intracranial pressure.
Calcium is one of the most popular dietary supplements on the market, largely due to the fallacy that mega doses are important for building and maintaining healthy bones. People are told that calcium builds strong bones and prevents osteoporosis, but this is not the whole truth. What they have not been told is that they can’t be sure this will result in greater bone strength. Bone density measures bone compressive strength, but it does not reveal tensile strength
Loss of consciousness, tremors, clammy skin, and convulsions.
Calcium regulation is critical for normal cell function, neural transmission, membrane stability, bone structure, and intracellular signaling. Calcium is required for the normal blood clotting by activating the release of thromboplastin from the blood platelets. Approximately 40% of calcium is in the ionized form. Ionized
This patient is most likely suffering from Bell’s Palsy, also called Idiopathic Facial Paralysis. Bell’s palsy is characterized by muscle paralysis or weakness on one side of the face. Symptoms of Bell’s Palsy includes weakness of one side of the face that causes it to droop, dry eye or excessive tearing, runny or stuffy nose, diminished or distorted taste, difficulty blinking, and numbness in the affected side of the face. Bell’s Palsy comes on suddenly and the symptoms tend to peak within a few days.
Review of Symptoms General: denies fever, night sweats, significant weight gain or loss, exercise intolerance, depression, sleep disturbances, or fatigue HEENT: denies dry eyes, irritation, vision changes, difficulty hearing, ear pain, sore throat, runny nose, or sinus pressure Neck: denies swollen glands or stiff neck Pulmonary: denies cough, wheezing, or shortness of breath Cardiovascular: denies chest pain or palpitations Gastrointestinal: denies abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, acid reflux, or melena Genitourinary: reports dysuria and vaginal itching, denies incontinence, hematuria, increased frequency, abnormal bleeding, or vaginal odor Musculoskeletal: denies muscle aches, weakness, joint pain, back pain, or edema Integumentary: denies any rashes, lesions, or change in hair Neurological: denies numbness, headache, seizures, tingling or sensation changes Endocrine: denies bruising, excessive sweating, thirst, hunger, heat or cold intolerance Objective Data Physical Exam Vitals: blood pressure - 130/77, heart rate - 97, respiratory rate - 17, temperature – 97.9 , oxygen saturation –97% on room air, weight – 183 pounds, height – 5 feet 4 inches, body mass index –