In 1986, the official term “biodiversity” introduced in National Forum on BioDiversity(1). The term biodiversity co-exist with the species diversity, genetic diversity and ecosystem diversity. The Biodiversity term is not static term and changes response to the ecosystem dynamics (1,2). In addition, Macro-ecology is field of ecology that investigates large scale dynamic by using statistical approaches on large datasets (3,4). The explanation of biodiversity by using macro-ecology is based on the analyses of various parameters such as abudance, disturbance, richness, productivity and interaction of biotic and abiotic factors (4). Also, the further condition of biodiversity can be interpreted by using statistical analysis which is provided by macro-ecological research.
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Jones, K. E., Blackburn, T. M., & Isaac, N. J. B. (2011). Can unified theories of biodiversity explain mammalian macroecological patterns? Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 366(1577), 2554–2563. http://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0119
3. Burley, H. M., Mokany, K., Ferrier, S., Laffan, S. W., Williams, K. J., & Harwood, T. D. (2016). Macroecological scale effects of biodiversity on ecosystem functions under environmental change. Ecology and Evolution, 6(8), 2579–2593. http://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.2036
4. Pärtel, M., Bennett, J., & Zobel, M. (2016). Macroecology of biodiversity: disentangling local and regional effects. New Phytologist, 211(2), 404-410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nph.13943
5. Earth's Endangered Creatures - by Country, Region, Area, Island, Etc. (2018). Earthsendangered.com. Retrieved 10 January 2018, from http://earthsendangered.com/search-regions3.asp
6. Groves, C. (2016). Biodiversity: Two African elephant species, not just one. Nature, 538(7625), 371-371. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/538317a
7. African Elephant | Species | WWF. (2018). World Wildlife Fund. Retrieved 10 January 2018, from
Mammalogy. Adaptation, Diversity, and Ecology. WCB McGraw-Hill, Boston.563pp 4. Myers, P., R. Espinosa, C. S. Parr, T. Jones, G. S. Hammond, and T. A. Dewey. 2017. The Animal Diversity Web (online).
This one explanation full illustrates the importance of a balanced ecosystem and how the introduction of a predator can make sweeping changes in the
The book addresses aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. At the beginning of the text a vocabulary page outlines the essential words for understanding. Bold faced words highlight the key vocabulary. This text contains many opportunities for students to ask question and respond to their reading. Illustrations cover the page to support the text.
Current levels of plant and biodiversity on Easter Island in comparison with the past biodiversity levels, have significantly lowered. Today, Easter Island has a neutral climate, fertile soil, withered lands, and only forty-seven identified species. In contrast, historical Easter Island consisted of tropical forests with different species of trees and different species of animals. 5. Today’s levels of biodiversity on Easter Island can be explained in terms of complexity and disturbance because the Easter Island population unknowingly overexploited their island’s natural resources because they were isolated from other islands.
The USFWS & DNRC, identified the keys species and addressed specific conservation goals and objectives for each, but did not determine what species takes priority. There are tradeoffs in multiple species HCPs that are necessary (Vogel & Hicks (2012). With limited resources, it is impossible to monitor all species the same; criteria must be applied to prioritize monitoring and management (Hierl, et al.,
Due to fluctuating climate, which, in turn, changes temperature and precipitation, the composition of forests and meadows were altered. This new plant arrival that occurs as a result of changing conditions is known as succession. As a result of the changing composition of forests and nature, the species of plants and animals living there also changes.
Biotic components of ecosystems include plants, animals, and fungi living in that ecosystem that interact with the environment and other abiotic and biotic components. 8. Create a chart of the major characteristics of and differences between the following terrestrial biomes: Tundra, taiga, grasslands, temperate deciduous forest, desert, monsoon rainforest, tropical rainforest. 9. Create a chart of the major characteristics of and differences between the following aquatic biomes: freshwater ecosystems such as lakes, wetlands, and streams, marine biomes such as estuaries, intertidal zone, neritic zone, open sea zone, and deep sea zone.
Have you ever heard the deafening trumpet of an elephant or witnessed the quick and sudden turns of a cheetah? These natural wonders are merely a fraction of the countless species that compose the complex web of life on Earth. However, the continued presence of these creatures is becoming increasingly jeopardized, as human activities like habitat destruction and poaching are carried out. Enter the wildlife protection community, a network of passionate individuals who devote their efforts to preserving endangered species and their associated habitats. The wildlife protection community is a committed group of individuals who recognize the importance of conserving these creatures and their natural surroundings in order to maintain biodiversity,
There are no drastic spikes in the populations of any one species, or drops in another. A large number of different species (a great biodiversity) is one indicator of an ecosystem’s health. Remarkably, biodiversity is not necessarily dependent upon the size of the ecosystem; some of the richest ecosystems in the world exist within narrow boundaries (sections of the Amazon rainforest, for example, and the Galapagos Islands). These ecosystems might be relatively small, but besides threat from destructive human behavior, they’re strong because of their biodiversity; each species is connected to the other in some way. If a healthy ecosystem is one that is home to many different species, mostly native to the area and all interdependent upon one another, what’s an example of an unhealthy ecosystem?
Then the groups used the data from each community to find the species richness, evenness, dominance, relative diversity, and the Shannon-Weiner Index for of that particular community. The diversity measurement table shows the reader the comparison between Community A and Community B. In Community A there were 49 different species and in Community B there were 40 different species. The groups configured this information by plugging in the data from each community into the equations, H= -sum(Pi In [Pi]) and E= H/In(R). (H) being the uncertainty of predicting a species, (Pi) being the relative abundance, (E) being the evenness, and (R) being the species richness.
The relationship between species diversity and size of area. Research Task By Keaton Rea Grade 11 Table of contents Introduction and Hypothesis Review of literature Gathering of data Presentation of findings Discussion Conclusion Bibliography Literature Review In 1921 Swedish scientist, Olaf Arrhenius proposed the Species Area Relationship (SAR).
Moreover, zoos always respond to emergencies, such as deadly threats to one or another species, by providing specialists and establishing breeding and treatment programs (Borrell 9). Thereby, both articles express the opinion that zoos are important for conservation purposes as they provide a wide range of specialists and research data. More significantly, they react on emergencies and do their best to protect endangered
People use the elephants tusks to make jewelry, and ornaments. China is a big consumer of elephant tusks. They banned this illegal poaching and let some of the elephant populations grow back. But some people still poached these animals which kept them in the endangered list. These animals have a protection program which bans people from poaching these animals.
Sustainable forest management requires three major criteria which are the maintenance of ecological processes within the forest (soil formation, energy flow, biogeochemical cycles (carbon, nutrient and hydrological cycles), maintenance of biodiversity of forest, improving the net social benefits derived from the mixture of forest uses within the constraints by considering the future. Forest provides habitats for more than half of the fauna and flora on the Earth (SCBD, 2001). Forest biome plays an important role in mitigating climate change by serving as carbon sinks (Hassan et al., 2005). Forest land is the most fundamental natural resources which become reduced mainly due to anthropogenic pressures. For proper management of land, it is essential to have information about existing land cover and about the naturalness of the land.