Short Essay: The Effects Of Stress On The Cardiovascular System

Veins transport blood to the heart and lungs at low pressure after receiving it from the capillaries. Valves inside the veins keep blood moving in one direction. The human body's arterial system branches out from one main artery, the dorsal aorta. Like veins, arteries have three layers: an outer layer of tissue, an inner layer of epithelial cells and a layer of muscle in between.

This defect causes complications and makes it difficult for the mitral valve to regulate blood flow in the heart. The deregulation of blood flow affects the lungs by allowing extra blood to flow into the organs. The heart then has to overwork itself in order to pump this extra blood out of the lungs and will cause the heart muscle to enlarge, leading to high blood pressure and even heart failure if left untreated. Atrioventricular septal defect is

Digestion, salivation, and bladder are inhibited from doing their jobs. The muscles are more prepared and the person feels as though they have more strength. Eventually the body will come to the conclusion it is no longer stressed, and will let digestion, salivation, and the bladder to function like normal. The lungs will not take in as much air and the pupils will constrict. Blood glucose will decrease

In a human blood that is lacking oxygen is deoxygenated blood. This is called Pulmonary circulation. This blood has exchanged oxygen for carbon dioxide across cell membranes and it contains mostly carbon dioxide. Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium through the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava. In a tiger 's heart it pumps oxygenated blood to the body and then it pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs to become oxygenated.

‘’Blood pressure is a measure of the force that your heart uses to pump blood around your body. Blood pressure is measured in millimetres of mercury (mmHg) and is given in two figures: systolic pressure and diastolic pressure’’. (www.nhs.uk/blood pressure). ‘’Systolic blood pressure is each heartbeat cycle when the heart contracts causing a peak in arterial blood pressure called systolic pressure’’ (Walker, R. 2002).

Also, it’s responsible for removing metabolic waste from the cells and disposing of carbon dioxide. The cardiovascular system’s anatomy varies throughout the body and is connected by the arteries, veins, and capillaries. The main organ of the cardiovascular system is the heart. It 's located in the upper torso, chest area, as are some of the body 's major blood vessels. One main blood vessel is the Femoral Artery, it 's role

Your lungs open wide so they can take in as much oxygen as possible. This extra oxygen is sent to the brain which increases alertness. Your senses become sharper and epinephrine triggers the release of blood sugar and fats from storage sites in your body. The parasympathetic nervous system promotes the “rest and digest” response that calms the body down after the initial stress has passed. All these changes happen at such a fast rate, that most of the time you’re not even aware of

The primary circulatory system is made up of the heart, blood, and blood vessels. Blood is carried to the entire body through the blood vessels via the pumping of the heart. Oxygen and nutrients are carried to the cells and carbon dioxide and waste are carried away from the cells. When the heart pumps the blood, it pushes up against the artery, this force is called blood pressure. If the force is too high it is called hypertension.

Furthermore, there are two different categories of hypertrophy; Transient and Chronic. Transient hypertrophy is a more immediate effect following a single bout of exercise. It is caused by fluid accumulation in the muscle space. However, chronic hypertrophy refers to more long-term changes in the muscle. This is either accomplished by an increase in the size of the muscle fibers or an increase in the number of fibers.

However, heart undergoes two types of circulatory loops in the transportation of blood which are systemic and pulmonary circulation (Taylor, n.d.). Systemic circulation pumps oxygenated blood from heart into all tissues in the body and return the deoxygenated blood back into the heart via vena cava (Taylor, n.d.). On the other hand, pulmonary circulation responsible in the transportation of deoxygenated blood into the lungs for gaseous exchange that results in the return of oxygenated blood into the heart via pulmonary vein (Taylor, n.d.). Another major component of CVS is blood

• In alcoholic cirrhosis, the portal vein becomes scarred and blocked, causing an increase in hydrostatic pressure. Which leads to an increase in hydrostatic pressure in the capillaries. Alcoholic cirrhosis also causes the liver to under produce albumin. This lowers osmotic pressure in the vasculature, enhancing filtration out of the

The size of the embolus will determine how much of the pulmonary vascular system is affected and the seriousness of the pulmonary oedema (Peate, 2014). When a particular blood vessel is occluded, there will be an increase in hydrostatic and colloid pressure which will cause vascular permeability leading to blood moving into the interstitial space of the capillaries and alveolar via a concentration gradient (Peate, 2014). This will affect alveolar perfusion causing reduced oxygenation of pulmonary blood returning to the heart thus affecting myocardial and systemic

How the cardiovascular system works? Image result for the cardiovascular system heart without labels The cardiovascular system consists of two circuits that blood travels through; pulmonary and systemic. Exercise has an impact on these systems, causing the heart to pump blood faster around the body, which allows you to exercise for longer.

Al 's AP chest diameter is increased ("barrel chest") from the chronic air trapping. Excess air is trapped in the lungs, which is shown in his PFTs results (NIH, 2016). The lungs are hyperinflated, which is why the RV and FRC are increased. COPD pathophysiologically prevents the trapped air from being breathed out, which is indicated by the decreased VC. 5.

Increasing the altitude will lower PaCO2 and decreasing the amplitude will increase PaCO2. Inspite of the promising therapy the HFOV can provide, there are many drawbacks: 1) need special ventilator, 2) can not switch from this mode to another 3)there are no alarms in this type of ventilator and therefore frequent assessment is needed, 4) mucous plugging is common,