CJS; 423
NAME; KELETSO NCUBE
ID: 201302920
TOPIC: POLICING OF THE MOVING CARGO INDUSTRY
INTRODUCTION
Millions of containers circle the earth on special ships, trains and trucks. A typical supply chain involves a network of suppliers, manufacturing centres, warehouses retail outlets and consumers (Willis & Ortiz, 2004). Security of the system has traditionally focused on the loss of cargo shipments through incidents like misrouting. However a heightened awareness of the trafficking and smuggling of illicit merchandise has redefined supply chain security and the purpose of the cargo industry. The moving cargo offers a great opportunity for illicit trade and trafficking of contraband. The events of 9/11 led to the creation of new protocols
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In many respects Botswana’s economy in an offshoot of South Africa’s economy rather than an independent entity, heavily reliant on South Africa with 63.3% of imports being from South Africa through the truck moving cargo (Throup, 2011).
Recent Uses of the Moving Cargo to Facilitate Illicit Trade of Contraband
The cargo industry has been used for so long to commit criminal activities such as trafficking of contraband across boarders. One example is the tragic activity that took place in 2000 in the Netherlands where 58 Chinese smuggled immigrants on their way to UK suffocated in refrigerated cargo container (Gottschalk, 2008). Endangered species parts are often stored in legitimate cargo, taking advantage of the growing trade if illicit merchandise. For example ivory has been seized in cargo hidden in plastic waste, dried fish, stone statues and timber from Africa to Asia. In 2009 Kenyan authorities seized 300kg ivory packed in coffins on a flight that originated in Mozambique. Both tusks and black rhino horns were seized and the flight was destined for Thailand (UNODC, Transnational Organized Crime in East Asia and the Pacifi: A Threat Assessment, 2013). This is facilitated by misrepresentation of the cargo, and the complicity of corrupt
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Article 5 of the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Annex to the SADC Protocol on Trade states that:
• Member States affirm their existing rights and obligations in respect of technical regulations, standards, and conformity assessment procedures with respect to each other under the WTO TBT (World Trade Organisation Technical Barriers to Trade) Agreement.
• Member States re-affirm their commitment to the WTO TBT Agreement principles of non-discrimination, necessity, and prevention of trade restrictiveness, proportionality, the use of international standards, equivalence, and internationally harmonised measures, transparency and special and differential treatment.
The WCO recommendations on trade facilitation include the cooperation between national customs authorities, the simplification of customs procedures, and the assurance of predictability in customs operations (UNODC,
However, these tariffs and taxes were not accepted without challenge, as many merchants believed that the restrictions were without warrant. With revenue to acquire, and regulations to maneuver around, the smuggling industry evolved from a black market business, to profitable occupation that would take the nation by storm. Analysis of documents from this century reveal through the illegal trade of brandy, wool, and other goods, acts of Parliament were opposed head on by members of the working class looking to to capitalize on the economic growth. In order to understand the smuggler, it is imperative to understand the demand for those willing risk their livelihoods in order to secretly move goods in and out of the country.
1a: What is the role/formal authorities of Customs and Border Protection (CBP) in securing trade in maritime ports? CBP’s role is to improve trade and the growth of trade by providing security and ensuring all parties adhere to the trade laws of the United States. These laws include imported goods, services, counterfeiting and other illegal activities such as human trafficking and drug smuggling. They accomplish is mission by providing security and screenings at ports of personnel and cargo. 1b: Consider how the Homeland Security Act of 2002 changed the structure of CBP?
This criminal act became more frequent with the colonization’s of the America. Smugglers were able to sail across foreign lands and bring back the goods and trade without paying taxes which angered the rich government. Most of the smugglers were associated with groups or gangs, which made it difficult to stop them because they became challenging groups, almost like the mafia. Most of the smugglers were fisherman by trade who were either too poor to pay the fines linked with being sentenced, or too old to be forced into the Royal Navy if convicted. (Chin, 2010), “England was one of the largest smuggling centers during this Era.
Introduction If one takes the approach that terror can be a means of achieving political goals, one can therefore argue that the crimes of terrorism and money laundering are indeed distinctive in their nature. Nonetheless, in agreement with Dr. Mugarura in his PhD thesis, it can be stated that the distinction between both have been submerged since money launderers, narcotic drug dealers, and terrorists have established partnerships to use terror as a means of achieving their objectives. For this very reason, terrorists utilize typical money laundering methods to move money around and integrate it into the financial system. For the past 14 years anti-money laundering policies have been augmented by measures adopted in order to prevent the
Smuggling drugs has always been an issue because of the demand for them. Illegal espionage was often used to stalk people and to know where they were all the time. Thievery is very simple it is just stealing. Insurance
“Piracy has doubled in the last decade” according to White (2006) (pg.66). With the rise of these piracy acts, warships from several nations were sent out to sea but with unspecific instructions about what they should be doing. Jihadist groups recognizing the immense possible profits they could make through capturing industrial ships and releasing them for ransom; which is exactly what they began to do. In 2010 several nations signed an agreement to work together against maritime terrorism and piracy as it is ridiculous. Warships protected areas they were familiar with and shipping companies began hiring armed guards.
However, the U.S. Navy is an essential component in backing free trade globally. Much of the world’s commerce, including oil, is moved from country to country on large shipping freighters. If a small group of pirates or terrorist were to hijack, or destroy, only a handful of these vessels, the world economy could potentially crash due to the increased price of gasoline. This could have catastrophic consequences such as rioting, widespread panic, and tension between countries. The U.S. Navy is devoted to protecting international trade routes from such occurrences.
One if the greatest advantage is transferring new technology between countries, which is incredibly beneficial for the development of nations. One of the biggest disadvantages is precisely when easy access to incoming technology is not allowed. Take for instance Ecuador, a developing country, which products cannot compete with those from developed countries in terms of quality, advanced technology, know-how, and price. In order to stimulate local consumption and decrease the amount of money transferred abroad, Ecuador’s government has set several policies, which has considerable effect on imports. Some of those policies are: imports quota and tariff safeguards.
Introductions International trade refers to a country trade goods and services to another country. International trade open up the world potential market to increase producer sales quantity and increase competition on foreign country. apart from these, international trade will create job opportunity and hence reduced unemployment rate as well as positive balance of payment. however, it might bring negative effects to a country as well, therefore, government play an important role in implementing trade restriction on imported goods in order to prevent imported goods destroy the domestic market or at certain extend, monopolize the market. 94 words A ) Discuss the forms of restriction on international trade.
Another aspect of Porter’s Five Forces model is the threat of substitution, or how easy it would be for another company to take over the present business by innovating in some way. The threat of substitution is low but still present in the trucking industry. Due to the fact that a large majority of freight moved in the United States is moved by truck, it would be difficult to shift to a different mode of transportation. However, there are still other methods of travel that can be used, for example freight can be moved by airplane or by train within the United States. These alternative modes of transportation tend to be more expensive though, meaning it makes more sense for a company to simply purchase the services of a trucking company.
People use the elephants tusks to make jewelry, and ornaments. China is a big consumer of elephant tusks. They banned this illegal poaching and let some of the elephant populations grow back. But some people still poached these animals which kept them in the endangered list. These animals have a protection program which bans people from poaching these animals.
QUESTION1 MULTILATERAL APPROACH TO INTERNATIONAL TRADE AS ADVOCATED BY THE WTO INTRODUCTION A multilateral approach is a treaty that refers to trade between numerous countries. It was the main activity associated with the 1947 GATT which took place during international conferences, whereby legislators came together to reject out and reach agreement on numerous trade issues. In total, there were 8 conferences under the former GATT. The first 6 of these conferences, ending with the Kennedy Round in 1967, concentrated mainly on tariff allowances.
Then there is another monitory value attached to it, the making of jewellery and other ornaments. Now the question rises, is it then acceptable based on these reasons for these societies to have access to Rhino horn? Human’s desires has led to the tragedy of commons. South Africa faces challenges in this regard such as high unemployment, corruption and inequality that is continuing to increase, all of which makes it somehow logical for these perpetrators to poach Rhinos of their horns, sell it and gain profit.
The author argue that China-Africa trade does not improve and sustain the living conditions of African residents, instead is it damaging efforts for Sub-Saharan Africa to improve their development. Lyons and Brown states that the increasing number of imports from China affect local businesses because China import cheap products and sell them at a lower price. Therefore, there is a competition, and this competition lowers the profit margins and income for some trader. As a result of this the African traders lose their businesses as their consumer go for Chinese products. The author also address the benefits of China imports to Africa.
Introduction Shipping is one of the essential and fundamental means for transporting any merchandise worldwide. Transport of goods in the shipping industry is segment into three sections – bulk carriers, containers and specialized cargo. The shipping industry is an important key element in the economic growth chain and globalization process, bringing countries closer together. A sustainable and viable shipping industry will improve and enhance the imports and exports in the country. Wilh.