Carol Sheriff Summary

William Cronon’s book, Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists and the Ecology of New England identifies, examines and explains the ecological history and changes that took place in New England between the late sixteenth to the early nineteenth century, and how it affected the future of the region.

Historians who practice historiography agree that the writings from the beginning of what is now known as the United States of America can be translated various ways. In James H. Merrell’s “The Indians’ New World,” the initial encounters and relationships between various Native American tribes and Europeans and their African American slaves are explained; based on Merrell’s argument that after the arrival of Europeans to North America in 1492, not only would the Europeans’ lives drastically change, but a new world would be created for the Native Americans’ as their communities and lifestyles slowly intertwined for better or worse. Examples of these changes include: “deadly bacteria, material riches, and [invading] alien people.” (Merrell 53)

Paleo-Indians, also known as the first Americans, created the ways of the Native American lifestyle. Evidence shows that the Paleo-Indians explored diverse hunting lands in large groups consisting of fifteen to fifty people. The Paleo-Indians used the system of hunting and gathering for their food. The men explored the hunting land for food, and the women cooked and took care of the children. Paleo-Indians also learned to trade ideas and goods with different groups that they encountered when they navigated to the quarries. The Paleo-Indians traded to help themselves and others live a better life, and not for profit and benefits.

Throughout the seventeenth century, conflict between Europeans and Native Americans was rampant and constant. As more and more Europeans migrated to America, violence became increasingly consistent. This seemingly institutionalized pattern of conflict begs a question: Was conflict between Europeans and Native Americans inevitable? Kevin Kenny and Cynthia J. Van Zandt take opposing sides on the issue. Kevin Kenny asserts that William Penn’s vision for cordial relations with local Native Americans was destined for failure due to European colonists’ demands for privately owned land. On the other hand, Cynthia J. Van Zandt argues that despite military disputes among the two bodies, trade alliances between the groups continued. Van Zandt further claimed that relational failure stemmed from conflict among various Europeans nations advocating for dominance over the New World. The overarching purpose of the argument is to determine

Notably, economic causes were major predicaments during the American civil war. These were the grounds of the civil war that affected the two regions in many ways. Within time, economic variations developed vastly between the two parts of the two regions. The Southern states depended much on farming than in industrialization. After the invention of the Cotton Gin, there as a greater necessity for persons and property, thus this made cotton the chief year’s produce of the South. The South was able to produce 7/8 of the worlds cotton supply. The South became more dependent on the planted field system and it’s full of force part, slavery. Notably, at that moment, the North was flourishing industrially. The North depended on factories and others

The college board’s decision to shift to a consensus perspective more accurately reflects the era of 1491- 1607, because both Europe and North America were homes to complex and diverse societies with their own distinctive cultures. Therefore, each group adopted and improved aspects of each other’s culture, skills and interacted from the beginning. Even though they both had unique and individual ideas and beliefs about gods, they still shared some similarities.

1William Cronon’s Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists, and the Ecology of New England observes the changes of New England caused by the Indians and European settlers. In Cronon’s thesis he states, “the shift from Indian to European dominance in New England entailed important changes—well known to historians—in the ways these peoples organized their lives, but it also involved fundamental reorganizations—less well known to historians—in the region’s plant and animal communities” (Cronon xv). When colonist from Europe ventured to North America, the ecosystem would gradually change as of consequence. Cronon highlights not only the ecological changes caused by colonization but also the native’s practices that affected the environment.

One of the action were Indian Intercourse Act of 1790. This basically said that no land is to be taken unless by their free consent or by the right of conquest in case of just war. Next was the fur trade regulation. The trade brought handsome profits to private companies such as John Jacob Astor’s American Fur Company (1808).Both Native Americans and white particpated in this. Indians in return for thier fur secured blankets, guns, rum and ironwear. The white trader aquired valuable fun in exchangr for inexpensive trade items. Congress created factories to reduce conflict and fraud.

Firstly, let’s view the similarities between the Maoris and the Native Americans. To begin with, these two indigenous groups were similarly viewed by the settlers. They were considered negatively odd by the settlers. The Maoris were considered less bright. Hence, the English settlers generated violence that lead to massacres. They wanted to have control over the Maoris people themselves. Likewise, the white settlers thought the Native Americans were less intelligent because they couldn’t build proper houses, and so treated them as the inferior group in the society. Not only that, but both groups were taken advantage of in terms of land and trading. For instance, the Maoris’ officials would let the settlers have a piece of their land, in exchange for goods. Also, the Native Americans traded their lands for goods that the settlers had. The problem here is that both settlers traded small goods for larger pieces of land, with much

Arizona achieved statehood on February 14, 1912. Originally part of New Mexico, the land was ceded to the United States in 1848 and became a separate territory in 1863. During this time settlers began to migrate westward by the thousands in search of land and opportunity. In Arizona pioneers began to settle and explore the new territory making it their new home. Pioneers traveling west came from many places in the United States, they were farmers, carpenters, blacksmiths and missionaries. They went to the west for the inexpensive or possibly free land and the land was fertile for their crops. Their source of travel were covered wagons, made of hickory, oak or maple wood and iron. The construction of these

In the early 1800s, the governor of New York, Dewitt Clinton, came up with a plan to support the abundance of the rivers. He decided to dig a 363-mile canal located in New York between Lake Erie and the Hudson River. This canal was called “The Erie Canal”. The Erie Canal provided the best connection between the east coast and the settlements near the Great Lakes. This canal would also be helpful to transporting crops and can also be used as an irrigation system to water crops, etc. Along from that, new cities were established on the shores of the Great Lakes and also along the Ohio, Mississippi, and Missouri rivers. The Erie Canal was a success, benefiting many cities and rivers along the coast.

SHERIFF RODNEY WARD (53) runs the sheriff’s office in San Bernardino. He’s baffled when an accountant, AARON YEATES (32), walks in to the sheriff’s department and confesses to punching a police officer.

“Chuck, tell him to get back in the house and mind his business,” a boy finally said, grabbing some rocks and threw them hitting the fence.

The wilderness is a valuable resource for scientific, educational, scenic, and historical research. Presidents such as Theodore Roosevelt advocated the preservation of the American wilderness for its national history, beauty, and traditions. However, as the American society evolved to live in the city, the suburbs, and other residential areas, the wilderness was becoming a wasteland that numerous companies intended to build houses, factories, and cities. William Stegner, a prolific author, and winner of the Pulitzer Prize and National Book Award is known for his novels reflecting the love for nature and the West. In “The Wilderness Idea” from his book The Sound of Mountain Water, Stegner’s idea to preserve the wilderness is

In today’s world, it’s crucial to have the upper hand in order to thrive and continue to function as a civilization. The Same thing can be said about the earliest settlers, they needed to have the upper hand in order for them to strive and flourish to a civilization. The climate and environment played a tremendous role in the origins of domestication, and how it created inequalities between civilizations, allowing these groups of people to either grow into settlements or force them to be nomads. The advantages and disadvantages faced by these early settlers changed the face of the earth, and gave the upper hand to a later civilization and help them prosper in today’s world instead of struggling to survive. As Jared Diamond explains “History