Cataphora And Endophoric Analysis

Reference is the specific nature of the information that is signaled for retrieval. Based on the place of reference, the interpretation of reference can be divided into endophora (textual) and exophoric (situational) reference (Halliday and Hasan, 1976: 33).

When the interpretation of a reference lies within the boundaries of text, it is called endophoric relation. This relation forms cohesive ties within the text. There are two kinds of endophoric relations: anaphora and cataphora (Halliday and Hasan, 1976: 17). Anaphora is the presupposition of something that has gone before, whether in the preceding sentence or not. It is a form of the presupposition that refers to some previous item. In contrary, cataphora refers to the presupposition in

So does reference. Both context and co-context have crucial roles in the instance of reference. The environment in which the presupposition is identifiable determines whether the reference is endophoric relation (endophora) or exophoric relation (exophora)

(Halliday and Hasan, 1976).

When the source of identification lies outside the co-text and can be found only by examining the context, it is called exophoric reference; when the source of the identification lies in the text, the reference is endophoric. Endophoric reference has a function in the text either as anaphoric, that is a reference to the preceding text, or cataphoric, that is a reference to the following text. For example:

I‟m trying to work.

(Halliday and Hasan, 1985: 76)

The item that cannot be interpreted, except we involve the context in which the sentences appears.

Endophora

Anaphora: I like reading. It can increase my knowledge.

(it refers backward to reading)

(Halliday and Hasan, 1985: 77)

I have secret information today. John is shot by the army (secret information refers backward to John is shot by the army)

(Halliday and Hasan, 1985: 78)

Both exophoric and endophoric reference embody an instruction to retrieve from elsewhere the necessary for interpreting the passage. The essential thing of reference, both endophoric (textual) and exophoric (situational) is that there is a presupposition that must be satisfied; the thing referred to has to be identifiable somehow. Only endophoric reference is cohesive, since exophoric reference contributes s to the creation of the text, it links the language with the context of the situation.

(Halliday and Hasan, 1976)

The following diagram allows us to recognize certain distinction within the class of reference items, according to their different uses and “euphoric” tendencies.