Cetane Number The cetane number of a diesel fuel is the numerical result of engine test designed to evaluate fuel ignition delay. It is defined as the whole number nearest to the value determined by calculation from percentage by volume of normal cetane (cetane No. = 100) in a blend with heptamethylnonane (cetane No. = 15) which matches the ignition quality of the test fuel when compared by this method. High cetane number fuels generally cause lower combustion noise, improved control of combustion, resulting in increased engine efficiency and power output. CN = (u40 + 17.8) 1587.9/ ρ40 Where; u40 is the Kinematic viscosity at 40°C, mm2/sec ρ40 is the density of the fuel at 40°C, Kg/ m3 Flash Point The flash point is the temperature …show more content…
The temperature at which wax is first precipitated from the solution can be measured by the cloud point test. The pour point of oil is an indication of the lowest temperature at which the fuel can be pumped. Pour points often occurs 8F to 10F below the cloud point. Pour point increases with molecular weight, but they are strongly influenced by molecular shape. Procedure The sample was brought to a temperature at least 14°C above the expected cloud point. Pour the sample into test jar to the level mark. Close the jar tightly by the cork carrying the test thermometer. The position of the cork and the thermometer was adjusted so that the cork fit tightly, the thermometer and the jar were coaxial, and the thermometer bulb resting on the bottom of the jar. The test jar was places in the ice box containing freezing mixture. In the determination of the cloud point the sample was cooled and inspected at intervals of 2°C until a cloud and haze appeared, than noted the thermometer reading. This was the cloud point. As soon as cloud point was determined the test jar was further cooled and inspected at intervals of 5F. Until it ceases to flow when test jar was tilled & kept horizontal for 5 seconds. Than noted the thermometer reading. This was the pour …show more content…
The oil sample was mixed with neutralized alcohol. Heat the mixture of oil and alcohol on hotplate until it almost boiling. Added few drops of phenolphthalein to the mixture and titrate with 0.1M NaOH solution. Swirl the flask to thoroughly mix the contents. The pink color was appeared which is end point of reaction. Noted the volume used to neutralize the FFA. Using below formula to calculate the % of FFA. FFA Range Sample Size (g) NaOH molarity Volume of neutralized alcohol (ml) 0-0.5 56.4 0.1 50 0.5-2 28.2 0.1 50 2-5 10 0.1 75 5-10 5 0.1 75 10-30 10 0.1 100 % free fatty acid =(T × M ×
The temperature probe was kept in the calorimeter until the temperature had been stabilized and was calibrated. A beaker was placed on a hot plate with dial turned between three and four. Another 100.00 ml of deionized water was added while the beaker is heating up. Using the temperature probe, the beaker was measured
In this lab, the oxidation of a secondary alcohol was performed and analyzed. An environmentally friendly reagent, sodium hypochlorite, was used to oxidize the alcohol, and an IR spectrum was obtained in order to identify the starting compound and final product. The starting compound could have been one of four alcohols, cyclopentanol, cyclohexanol, 3-heptanol, or 2-heptanol. Since these were the only four initial compounds, the ketone obtained at the end of the experiment could only be one of four products, cyclopentanone, cyclohexanone, 3-heptanone, or 2-heptanone. In order to retrieve one of these ketones, first 1.75g of unknown D was obtained.
The product is transferred from the ring of the Hickman still into a pre-weighed vial for analysis. The percent yield of the recovered product is calculated, and IR spectroscopy and gas chromatography are used to analyze the purity and percent composition of different alkene products. Chemical Reactions: References: Crago, Kathleen. et. al,.
The number of drops was noted. The procedure, from the addition of NaOH to the noting of number of drops, was repeated for the other three beakers. The number of drops for the beaker labelled “tap water” was subtracted from the number of drops for the beaker labelled “tap water with Elodea” and
In the second portion of this experiment we will keep the temperature constant and divide the ½ tablet of Alka- Seltzer into 2 pieces ,3 pieces and an unbroken ½ tablet. It is my belief that Alka-Seltzer
Modifications of this procedure include the use of hot plates instead of Bunsen burners, and heating t-butyl alcohol to 60-65 ℃ instead of 50 ℃. Other modifications include the use of weighing boats to measure an amount of unknown instead of weighing paper, and completing one run of unknown 2 instead of two runs of unknown 2. Summary of
Materials: The materials that I will be utilizing during these experimentations are three to four ice cubes, one cup for measuring, six unblemished cups, one stopwatch, one hot water source, three tablets of Alka-Seltzer, one thermometer that measures from negative
In this lab there were five different stations. For the first station we had to determine an unknown mass and the percent difference. To find the unknown mass we set up the equation Fleft*dleft = Fright*dright. We then substituted in the values (26.05 N * 41cm = 34cm * x N) and solved for Fright to get (320.5g). To determine the percent difference we used the formula Abs[((Value 1 - Value 2) / average of 1 & 2) * 100], substituted the values (Abs[((320.5 - 315.8) /
The yellow solution containing the reactants was slowly poured into the beaker containing the cold water and the acid in order to cause the precipitation of the alcohol, 9-fluorenol and to destroy (hydrolyzed) the unreacted excess sodium borohydride. Subsequently, the white precipitate was vacuum filtered and washed twice with 20.0 ml portions of distilled cold water by pouring the liquid into the Buchner Funnel during filtration. It was necessary to wash the alcohol prior to recrystallization considering that the C-OH bond is easily broken by the formation of a stable and benzylic carbocation that favors the synthesis of difluorenyl ether. Finally, before the purification by recrystallization of the obtained product, the white solid alcohol was allowed to dry over a period of a
3) Peak pressure Vs. Engine Speed ( a ) ( b ) ( c ) ( d ) ( e ) ( f ) Figure 53. Peak pressure vs. engine speed for :(a) diesel fuel ,(b)GTL fuel ,(c)diesel-GTL blend,(d)diesel-waste cooking oil blend (e) diesel-GTL-waste cooking oil blend (f) diesel-GTL-waste cooking oil-corn oil blend In a compression ignition engine, the combustion characteristics of the fuel and the engine performance and emission depend upon the ignition delay period.
The possible explanations and changes to make are similar to the previous questions. Conclusion and Future Experiment 18. The identity of the product and unknown were 4-tert-butylbenzyl phenol ether and tert-butyl phenol respectively. The key to making this discovery was the melting point and TLC results!
The basic principle of the most vehicles on either in land, air or water is mixing fuel and air. Cars, trucks, jet engines, and motorcycles mixed fuel and air to become power and burn in cylinders inside the engine. The amount of fuel and air that enters the engine varies from time to time, depending on the time running, speed, and other factors. However, modern vehicles use and electronic devices to control the amount of air and fuel that enters the system called fuel injection Carburetor was invented by an Italian, Luigi de Cristoris on 1876. After a few years, Karl Benz made his own carburettor when he developed the first automobile run by internal combustion.
The kerosene oil and fuel oil portion is fundamentally unaltered and utilized as fuel for the trucking and development industry. This portion can likewise be prepared into a forte's portion solvents utilized as a part of assembling
What is fractional distillation? Fractional distillation is a method of separating miscible liquids using heat. This technique is used for the separation of liquids which dissolve in each other. Several simple distillations are completed during fractional distillation using only one apparatus.
Introduction The term chromatography actually means colour writing, and signifies a technique by which the substance to be examined is placed in a vertical glass tube containing an adsorbent, the different segments of the substance traveling through the adsorbent at distinctive rates of velocity, according to their degree of attraction to it, and producing bands of colour at different levels of the adsorption column. The substances least absorbed emerge earliest; those more strongly absorbed emerge later. (Wixom et al., 2011) In chromatography of all types, there is a mobile phase and a stationary phase.