2. Experimental Program
2.1. Raw materials
CFRP plates used in this work were produced using a pultrusion process at the Laboratory for FRP Composites and Structures (LFCS), Harbin Institute of Technology, China. The thickness and width of the CFRP plates were 1.4 mm and 25 mm, respectively. The average tensile strength, modulus and the ultimate strain of the CFRP plate tested according to ASTM D3039, are 1.8 GPa, 150.8 GPa, and 1.07%, respectively. The resin matrix was bisphenol-A based epoxy (obtained from Xing Chen synthetic material Co., Ltd., Wuxi city, China) cured by an anhydride based curing agent.
To investigate the effects of the concrete on the FRP-to-concrete bond behavior, three kinds of the concrete were cast in Table 1. The concrete cubes were put in the standard curing room for 1 month. The strengths of the concrete cubes (150 x 150 x 150 mm3) were calculated form the mean strength of the one specimen tested at different ages (0, 6, 12, 18 months).
Table 1 Three kinds of the concrete
An epoxy based adhesive and primer developed at LFCS were used for bonding the CFRP plates to the concrete substrates. Tensile properties of the dog-bone shaped epoxy
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1a schematically represents the single-lap shear testing rig, which was developed at LFCS. The dimensions of the concrete block were indicated in Fig. 1b , and the CFRP plates were bonded to the concrete block for a length of 280 mm. The bonding surface of the concrete was ground to remove the top layer of the cement paste, and then cleaned with acetone. After drying, the cleaned surface was coated with a low viscosity epoxy primer. A layer of adhesive with thickness of 1 mm was then applied on the surface, which was already coated with a wet primer. Subsequently, the CFRP plate was carefully placed on the adhesive layer, parallel to the longitudinal axis of the concrete block. The specimens were kept in the laboratory at room temperature (averaging 20 °C) for 1 month for curing of the
Tittle Zoe VanLeeuwen October 24th 1910 Triangle Factory Searching these past few weeks on problems found in the Triangle Factory has been horrifying. The stuff I found uncovered that working in this factory is dangerous. It is time people actually learn the brutal conditions these people face. It needs to stop. One problem that stood out to me was the lack of fire safety prevention.
Need To Repair Your Asphalt Driveway? How Resurfacing And Sealcoating Differ If your asphalt driveway is faded and showing its age, you may be wondering what you can do to bring it back to life. As long as the base under the driveway is still in good shape, you probably won 't need to tear out the old asphalt and install a new driveway. Depending on the degree of wear and tear, you can have a sealcoat applied or have the asphalt resurfaced.
4 Reasons Why You Should Choose Marble Benchtops Would you say that marble benchtops Melbourne is the right choice for your kitchen. There comes a time when you are confronted with too many choices in terms of selecting the right materials for your benchtops. With such a variety of materials available nowadays, it is hard to determine which one is ideally suited to your kitchen renovation requirements. Obviously, cost is one factor one should never overlook.
Brick streets have been around for at least a century. Many people are not aware of the history that lies under the asphalt streets they tread on. Brick roads are seen less because asphalt is more common due to convenience. Drivers generally do not know the benefits of brick roads. For this reason, I propose that more brick roads be recovered and maintained rather than being covered by asphalt.
The Earth has been creating many amazing things for centuries which can be found all over the world and has many parks dedicated to these amazing landmarks. These parks can just be normal parks with amazing views or just being a serene place to relax. Some parks however can be seen as being human made and can be just as fascinating as the ones that are natural. While these things can be similar they can also be very different to this will be the focus of this essay and how they can be similar or just different. Each paragraph is focused on a compare and contrast of each subject which is Normal natural parks versus The Newark Earthworks.
Rome had lasted many years and provided many advances during that era, some of which were lost for centuries. Two important developments that Rome had made were concrete and the arch. Antony Kamm defined concrete on his website The Romans under the Art section as a mixture of clay and limestone heated to high temperature, then pulverized to powder at which mixed with water and sets as hard as rock. He later states that because of this invention, Rome was able to indulge their architectural ambitions. It is important to note that the Romans did not invent the arch, Kamm stats that “their development of it allowed them to exploit their penchant for resolving improbable situations”.
Limestone College in Gaffney, S.C. is known for its athletics. Most people would think a school with majority of student-athletes, would have a decent café. Well don’t expect much from Limestone College, it has a horrible café. Students who live on campus must have a meal plan, which is ridiculous. Most students throw away a lot of food which is a waste of their money.
center-to-center. The first confinement hoop set for the testing region, Hcr, was spaced at 1.125 in. from the center (i.e., mid-height) of the confined concrete column corresponding to a center-to-center spacing, s, of 2.25 in. between the confinement hoop sets in the testing region. A total of 10 confinement hoop sets were used in the testing region.
Since the Sandy Hook school shooting in 2012, there has been at least 239 school shootings nationwide. In those 239 events, more than 400 people have been shot, of those 438, 138 were killed. 138 daughters, sons, mothers, fathers, sisters, and brothers went to school one day and never made it home (Patel). In response to the school shootings, schools use lock down drills to help prepare students and staff for an unspeakable event if one were to occur. Lock down drills’ purpose is to help prepare students and staff by making everyone aware of what the plan is when there is an intruder in the school.
The surface at which the concrete is supposed to be placed should be properly damped so that excess water is removed. Use of fibers or silica fumes can also help to reduce the crack formation. 5. Plastic Shrinkage in Shape of
Polyurethane expands and fills in voids and cracks, while lifting the slab back in place = The material cures in 15 minutes
Decorative Choices For Your New Concrete Driveway If you 're tired of the maintenance needs of a dirt or gravel driveway, then it 's time to consider installing something more permanent. One option is concrete. Concrete driveways are durable and they can be stylish too. You generally have more options with concrete than you do with asphalt since concrete is lighter in color and can be dyed easily.
Table 1: 2024T351 Specimen Experimental Data The experimental ultimate tensile strength of 65,507.15 Psi is relatively close to the typical tensile strength of 64,000 Psi with 2.35 percent error. The experimental young's modulus of 10,644,380 Psi is close to the standard elastic modulus of 10,600,000 Psi with 0.42 percent error. Using the graphs, the yield stress was found using a 0.2% offset. The yield stress was found to be about 50,000 Psi, far from the standard 42,000 Psi. This resulted in a 19.05 percent error.
ABSTRACT Being in our early stage of civil engineering, the topic CONSTRUCTION OF BRIDGES is of great use and importance in our life. It is therefore necessary to understand meaning of bridges ,their basics of construction and their importance. Some important points to be looked upon are – 1. Monitoring of bridges 2. Failures 3.
Cracks are expected at intervals in this slab (Usually .90 to 1.2m) and are held together with structural steel. Appropriate spacing between cracks must be determined in order for this method to work. Continuously reinforced roads can sometimes be more expensive than the other two methods due to the higher quality of steel used in its construction, however this can be lowered by the reduced amount of cement used in the concrete mixture due to the thinner layer of concrete in comparison with the other two methods. With proper management, this method can be similar to the other two in terms of durability and cost