Characteristics Of State Bureaucracy Model
1 Academic Oligarchy Model
As Olson the model is called “community of scholars” and characterized as guided by the ideal of truth finding, where quality is judged by academic criteria above all others and institutional autonomy is considered a prerequisite for the very existence of the university. Academia is a self-standing and self-governing “Republic of Science”, based on collegial approaches to organization and decision-making. Here higher education is governed by internal factors and actors, who share the same norms and objectives (Olsen, 2005, pp. 8–10). As (Martin Trow, 1973, 2006) this governance model has a characteristic of the elite phase of higher education i.e. the institutions are governed by senior academics (usually full professors). This approach to governance closely corresponds to the classical Humboldtian model, in which full professors play a prominent role in the coordination of higher education at both the institutional and national levels (Clark, 1983). The Humboldtian model is customarily located in the literature in the countries of north-western Europe influenced by the Humboldtian original of the nineteenth-century German research university.
2. State Bureaucracy Model
Within this approach, higher education is perceived as “an instrument for national political agendas”. Its most important purpose is to carry out and implement national political objectives. Therefore, higher education as an arm of the state is governed primarily by external actors
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