Chapter 3 Chemistry Research Paper

CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Chemical and Reagents

All chemicals, reagent and solvent that will be used in the preparation and characterization of silver nanoparticles will be purchased from various and legal standard suppliers. The reagents and chemical that will be used in this study are hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide, acetone, and ethanol.

3.2 Apparatus

Hot plate, spatula, glass rod, bottle sample, beaker (50 mL and 100 mL), measuring cylinder, volumetric flask (50 mL and 100 mL), pipette, thermometer, glass petri dishes, Erlenmeyer flask, and other appropriate glass wares.

3.3 Instrumentation and Characterization Techniques

There are several spectroscopic and analytical methods that are used throughout this research. The chitosan

The removal flesh, dirt and any possible tissue at the leaf oyster will be done at UMT laboratory. Wash the shell of the leaf oyster with tap water and dried the shell under the sunlight for 1 or two days. After the sample is completely dry, grind the sample with ball mill mixer with 400 rpm speed for 15 minutes. Sieved the grinded sample to obtain uniform powder using 455-micron meter sieve.

3.4.2 Shell Demineralization

According to Abdulkarim et. al 2013, the sample demineralization will be carried out in dilute hydrochloric acid (HCl) solution. The sample will be treated with 0.68 M of HCl at ambient temperature for 6 hours. Wash the solid obtain with distilled water until relatively neutral. Dry and weight the demineralization sample.

3.4.3 Shell Deproteinization

After the demineralization process, the sample will be soaked in 0.62 M sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution at ambient temperature for 16 hours (Abdulkarim et. al 2013). Al Sagheer et, al. (2003) state that the absence of the proteins are indicated by the absence of colour of the medium. Next, wash the resulting solution to neutrality. Finally, wash the sample with hot ethanol and boil in the acetone to remove impurities. Dry and weight the purified

The chemical structure of chitin as shown in figure 4.1 below: Figure 4.1 : chitin

The chitin obtain will further react for deacetylation process to get chitosan. The extraction of chitosan from chitin is significant to proceed the synthesis of silver nanoparticles using green synthesis method. The chemical structure of chitosan are shown in figure 4.2 below: Figure 4.2 : Chitosan 4.2 Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles

The deionized water will change colour into yellowish colour. The colour will become dark yellowish as the time passes. The characterization of silver nanoparticles using Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) will show the absorption band in range 400 nm to 500 nm. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) will be used to insight the particles morphology and size. The morphology of the silver nanoparticles need to be spherical and without aggregation The X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis for silver nanoparticles will be observed under 5000 magnification and 10 000