Chloride Ions Vs Bromine Case Study

This nomenclature has a description about the intermediate also. If the intermediate is stable and can move through the solvent, we use a “+” sign and for unstable intermediate which cannot diffuse through solvent and has a limited lifetime, use “*” sign instead of “+” sign. For example, a secondary alkyl halide undergoes an SN1 type mechanism and has an intermediate with shorter lifetime comparing to corresponding tertiary alkyl halide because stabilization of carbocation by alkyl groups are much lower. Therefore, for secondary alkyl halide has D * A (implying bond breaking or dissociation make unstable intermediate followed by bond forming) and corresponding tertiary alkyl halide has D + A mechanism (implying the same mechanism with stable

Self association due to H-bonds also become weaker due to steric hindrance to H-bond formation in 4-methylpentan-2-ol as compared to Hexan-1-ol which cause more positive VE values for 4-methylpentan-2-ol. The shape of the molecule is another factor which contributes more positive value of VE to 4-methylpentan-2-ol. The Hexan-1-ol molecule is planer and elongated in same fashion as those of n-alkanes. The alignment of these molecules on mixing is ordered due to Vander Waal’s forces. The 4- methylpentan-2-ol molecules are bulky and spherical in shape.

This could have been because it was more sterically hinder since the carbonyl group was connected to a primary carbon. The third ester which reacted was ethyl butanoate since it was a bit more sterically hinder than the ethyl acetate because the carbonyl group was connected to a secondary carbon. Both ethyl acetate and ethyl butanoate had electronic factors of being electron donating making the carbonyls less reactive so the order depended more on the steric factor. The slowest ester to react was the ethyl benzoate because of the greater steric hindrance since the carbonyl was connected to a benzene ring which making it hard for the nucleophile to attack. The carbonyl was directly connected to a tertiary carbon, but that was also in a ring.

In this experiment, 293 mg of aldehyde was weighted for method 1 instead of 250 mg and. Although .7906 mg of phosphonium salt was added, this probably was not enough to complete the reaction. The only significant change throughout method was 1 was that the yellowish mixture became slightly lighter. However, it was found that after vacuum filtration, there was some white and yellow

The 1:1 hexane to ethyl acetate solvent resulted in the best separation because it not only showed extra spots that the other solvent mixtures did not have, but also the 4 spots were relatively dispersed with Rf values at 0.77, 0.56, 0.27, and 0.10 (Figure 2). Missing spots were also noted on the hexane only TLC plate. The orange eluent was ultimately chosen as our major product because it had significantly different TLC results than the 3 yellow eluents with the same Rf of 0.23 (Figure 3). The percent yield for this purification method was 248% and the extrapolated percent purified yield was around 135 %, which are both erroneously high. These high percent yield may be due to extra water weight or not fully evaporated

The percentage of acid selected for the mixing was 1.1% and 1.5% with 2% furfural. This mixing was carried out on the 60 - 70 binder. The results show that, this combination tends to make the binder stiffer than original. It decreased the fatigue resistance of the binder by increasing the fatigue parameter of the pav aged material. The results can be seen in table 1.This combination can be used with antioxidants that relatively soften the binder to get the desired stiffness.

Because it is a tertiary benzylic halide, the reaction is considered an SN1 type. To test the purity, the class then uses a TLC. When one places,” a spot of the substance on the absorbent surface of the TLC plate, the solvent (or solvents) run up through the absorbent,” (Zubrick223). The initial mass of the reactant, triphenylmethyl chloride was 2.006 grams. The experiment yield is 1.589g, which is a 80.3% yield.

Hexavalent chromium may be reduced naturally in the environment to the less harmful trivalent chromium. Trivalent chromium is also mostly insoluble, while hexavalent chromium is very soluble allowing for this toxic substance to flow easily as a contaminant

2.3.2.2 Chemical Interesterification Chemical interesterification is the process to redistribute the component of fatty acid and glycerol ions to form new gylcerolester with the presence of sodium methoxide as a catalyst. Chemical interesterification is also known as directed interesterification since this reaction is directed to produce a particular type of glyceride (O’Brien, 2009). This process is conducted at mild temperature with a range between 20°C to 100°C. O’Brien (2009) states that only catalyst that is active at low temperature is effective. Besides, he also states that the rate of random rearrangement is crucial since the trisaturated glycerides can precipitate as fast as they are produced in the liquid phase.

The lack of basicity within amide is due to the C=O, or carbonyl group, within the amide as it has electron withdrawing properties causing the lone pair of electrons within nitrogen to become delocalised. The Amide functional group is also a moderate Electron Donating Group (EDG), meaning that it donates some of its electron density to conjugated

The purpose of this experiment was to see which solute, Splenda, granulated sugar, or salt, would dissolve the fastest in distilled water. Solutes can only dissolve in solvents when they are polar. A polar bond is a covalent bond that has two atoms where the electrons forming the bond are unequally distributed (About Education.com). This causes it have a dipole or separation of electrical charges moment making it polar. For example, in a water molecule the electrons are not shared equally because the oxygen has more of a charge than the hydrogen bonds making the hydrogens pull towards the oxygen.

Xylene was used as a solvent that provided a quicker way of reaction between the two starting materials. The Diels-Alder reaction is stereospecific with respect to both the diene and the dienophile. A cis-dienophile gives cis-substituents in the product and a trans-dienophile gives trans-substituents. If the diene substituents have the same stereochemistry, the diene substituents would be on the same face of the product. If the diene substituents have opposite stereochemistry, the diene substituents would be on opposite faces of the product.

This was because the lower the elements are down a group, the larger the size of its atomic radii. This makes it easier for the electron to be released to react with hydrogen gas either in water or in hydrochloric acid. Magnesium reacts with oxygen resulting in a bright white flame and produced magnesium oxide. After the combustion was completed, magnesium oxide was placed into the beaker containing water and the pH level of the solution was neutral. It could produce a basic solution if the oxide layer of the magnesium ribbon was cleaned completely, to ensure that it does not hinder the reaction between magnesium and