Choolera Toxin
4. The mechanism of action of cholera toxin
The cholera toxin is an enterotoxin which is secreted by the gram-negative bacteria Vibrio cholerae. The toxin is an protein complex which is made up by six subunits, one A subunit and five B subunits. The A subunit is the enzymatic subunit and the B subunit is the binding subunit [9]. The cholera toxin is released from the bacteria and once in the intestinal lumen it adheres to the apical surface of the epithelial cell. The B subunit of the toxin binds to a ganglioside receptor, GM1 on the apical surface of the epithelial cell. This triggers endocytosis of the toxin to enable the enzymatic subunit A1 to be released. The A1 subunit enters the epithelial cell cytosol and activates Gsα subunit
…show more content…
It is also characterised by increased frequency and fluidity [13]. The World Health Organisation (WHO) defines it as the passage of three or more loose or liquid stools per day [14]. There are a number of different types of diarrhoea such as secretory, osmotic, exudative, inflammatory and dysentery [Table 1.]. Overall, diarrhoea results when there is an increase in secretion or reduced absorption from the small intestine enterocyte cells.
Table 1. The different types of diarrhoea, their characteristics and causes [15,16].
6. The causes of diarrhoea
Diarrhoea is usually a symptom of an underlying condition. It can be caused by a number of factors such as [17]:
Gastroenteritis - this is typically acquired from food or water that has been contaminated by faeces or directly from another infected person. This causes infectious diarrhoea and the infectious agents can be bacteria, viruses or parasites. Common causative bacterial agents are Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae, Shigella dysenteriae and Clostridium difficile.
Food allergies or food intolerance such as lactose intolerance.
An adverse reaction to medication such as penicillin, antacids and laxatives.
Intestinal malabsorption disorders such as coeliac disease.
Inflammatory conditions of the intestinal tract such as Ulcerative colitis or Crohn’s disease which can lead to chronic
Acct 555 Week 1
484 Words | 2 PagesThis time with stomach pains, diarrhea, and bloating. Viewing the bacteria in their gut during week 7, there is a new type of bacteria called C. difficile. This bacteria can cause deadly infections. It was developed in this persons gut becuase of all the empty space. It invaded it's way into their gut and rapidly started to multiply.
C Diff Research Paper
646 Words | 3 PagesClostridium Difficile Infection Clostridium difficile (C. difficile or C. diff) infection is a condition that causes inflammation of the large intestine (colon). This condition can result in damage to the lining of your colon and may lead to colitis. This condition can be passed from person to person (contagious). CAUSES C. diff is a bacterium normally found in the colon. This condition is caused when the balance of C. diff is changed and there is an overgrowth of C. diff.
The Choolera Outbreak In The Ghost Map By Steven Berlin Johnson
901 Words | 4 PagesThe book The Ghost Map by Steven Berlin Johnson talks about the cholera outbreak that occurred in Victorian London during the mid-1800s, during this outbreak more than 600 people living in London died from cholera. The book The Ghost Map also talks about how Dr. John Snow who is considered as the “The Father of Epidemiology” created his “Big Experiment” this experiment consistent in finding the reasons behind the cholera outbreak and how it was possible that a certain part of the city was having the most cases of cholera while other parts of the city were “safe” from the cholera outbreak. The first chapter of the book mainly serves to provide background information to the reader. In this chapter we read that one of the main causes of the cholera
Crohn Research Paper
283 Words | 2 PagesCrohn 's is an immune-mediated inflammatory disease that belongs to a larger group of illnesses called inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). It is associated with inflammation of the digestive tract, or gastrointestinal (GI) tract, which runs from the mouth to the anus, and includes the stomach and intestines. It more commonly affects the end of the small intestine and the large intestine. Crohn 's disease symptoms and complications are unpredictable , you may experience almost no symptoms, then have a sudden flare-up. Or you could experience symptoms every day Crohn 's disease is difficult to diagnose, because symptoms vary and because it can be similar to other conditions.
Colistin Case Study
2242 Words | 9 PagesQ1A: What is the mechanism of action of colistin? Colistin is an antibiotic that works best against Gram-negative bacteria. It works by binding to LPSs (lipopolysaccrides) and phospholipids in the outer cell membrane of the bacteria. This, in turn, disrupts the outer cell membrane by displacing cations and leaking the intracellular contents, combining it with outer cellular contents, causing the bacteria to be unable to differentiate the bacteria’s intra and outer cellular contents from one another.
Informative Essay On Chipotle
1448 Words | 6 PagesIt is also stated some Exclusions and hygiene practice Some common types of food poisoning are succeeding Salmonella, Campylobacter, Cryptosporidium, Ecoli O157, Listeria Monocytogenes, Shigella - Bacillary Dysentery, Small Round Structured Virus. In Campylobacter, Symptoms include an overall feeling of disease, diarrhea, severe abdominal pain, high fever and sometimes vomiting. First symptoms can take up to 4 days from the eating of polluted food, but is more usually 12 - 48 hours. This infection normally continues 3 weeks but can last longer. This contagion is caused by large numbers of bacteria living on food.
Crohn's Disease Research Paper
537 Words | 3 PagesCrohn's Disease Crohn’s Disease is a disease that causes inflammation in the small intestine. Millions of people all over the worldwide are suffering from Crohn’s Diseases. In 1932, Crohn’s Diseases was referred to as a medical illness and it was described by Dr. Crohn, Dr. Leon Ginzburg, and Dr. Gordon Oppenheimer. But it all started in 1913 by a physician named Kennedy Dalziel who had a meeting with the British Medical Association, and described his nine cases with patients who suffered from intestinal obstruction. One day with a close examination of the inflamed bowel of a patient, the transmural inflammation that is characteristic of the disease was clearly evident.
Cholera In Victorian England
464 Words | 2 PagesCholera had initially touched base in Britain, from Chinese importing ships, in 1831. The poor got to be powerless to Cholera, since they dwelled in swarmed lodging. Cholera could without much of a stretch spread in extensive urban areas, in particular London. Streams in these urban areas were allotted a double reason. The waterways were a wellspring of H₂O as well as, a sewage transfer.
Causes Of Death In The Victorian Era
786 Words | 4 PagesCholera was caused by the use of contaminated water. Victorians knew that it was due to human waste and open sewers around Victoria London. The sewers spread the disease furthermore. Popular symptoms were nausea, diarrhea ,terrible vomiting and cramps. After the first 24 hours of the first symptom, death was not uncommon.
Does Dehydration Cause Irritability?
841 Words | 4 PagesIt gives bad breath "Dehydration gives a bad breath," says Marshall Young, DDS, a dentist in Newport Beach, Calif. "Saliva has important antibacterial properties. When dehydrated, the decreased saliva in the mouth allows bacteria to thrive, resulting in bad breath." It makes the person crave sugar Dehydration can mask itself as hunger, particularly sugar cravings.
Personal Narrative Ulcerative Colitis
350 Words | 2 PagesWhen I was first diagnosed with ulcerative colitis, a common colon disease, I had no idea what it was. It wasn’t until several tests and explanations from multiple doctors that my parents and I started to understand the extent of the problem. Although it didn’t seem like it would be a big deal, it quickly took over my entire life. Dealing with the condition meant chronic pain, medication, and many more doctors’ visits. Fortunately, my case wasn’t too severe.
Snow's Choolera Outbreak
613 Words | 3 PagesThe accepted idea for the cause of cholera was the idea of miasma. Miasma was the belief that all disease originated from the stench of the city. If this idea were true, the workers who spent their lives working in the sewers should have become sick early in their lives. This idea became false, as many of these workers would live well past their sixties. The next challenge came with the individuals who drank from the Broad St. pump and did not become sick and perish from cholera.
Essay On Hemorrhoids
1188 Words | 5 PagesPain, burning, and bleeding during bowel movements are the main symptoms of the disease that are usually caused by improper diet, prolonged sitting, insufficient physical activity, and consumption of tobacco and alcohol. However, hemorrhoids can sometimes be associated with liver disease and cancer intestine. Stress and constipation - the most common culprits Mental tension and irregular bowel movements are the primary causes of hemorrhoids. People who are perpetually in a hurry often makes performing
Essay On Gut Health
1793 Words | 8 PagesOur gastrointestinal tracts work hard to keep us healthy and happy. When gut health is compromised, we can face major health consequences. Here’s how to use good nutrition to keep your digestion humming along. “Heal the gut and you heal yourself.” – Gerard E. Mullin, MD
Essay On Diarrhea
766 Words | 4 PagesThere are a myriad of causes of diarrhea. The most common of these is an infection of the bowels
More about Choolera Toxin
Acct 555 Week 1
484 Words | 2 PagesC Diff Research Paper
646 Words | 3 PagesThe Choolera Outbreak In The Ghost Map By Steven Berlin Johnson
901 Words | 4 PagesCrohn Research Paper
283 Words | 2 PagesColistin Case Study
2242 Words | 9 PagesInformative Essay On Chipotle
1448 Words | 6 PagesCrohn's Disease Research Paper
537 Words | 3 PagesCholera In Victorian England
464 Words | 2 PagesCauses Of Death In The Victorian Era
786 Words | 4 PagesDoes Dehydration Cause Irritability?
841 Words | 4 PagesPersonal Narrative Ulcerative Colitis
350 Words | 2 PagesSnow's Choolera Outbreak
613 Words | 3 PagesEssay On Hemorrhoids
1188 Words | 5 PagesEssay On Gut Health
1793 Words | 8 PagesEssay On Diarrhea
766 Words | 4 Pages