Kreb Cycle Lab Report

INTRODUCTION: Arginase is an enzyme- enzymes are biological catalyst which drives a reaction at the speed of life. Arginase is a hydrolase, hydrolases catalyze hydrolysis reactions, this is determined via the E.C number (Nelson and Cox 2008). Arginase has the EC number is 3.5.3.1 (Schomburg 2015). The enzyme ‘commission number’ is the arithmetical classification that is used for enzymes which indicates the chemical reaction they catalyze. EC 3 are hydrolases, which forms two products from the substrate via hydrolysis.

Globin- It is a protein surrounding & protecting the heme molecule. Heme synthesis: Heme synthesis is carried out in mitochondria & cytosol of the cell involving cascade of steps :- 1) The first step occurs in mitochondria, where condensation of succinyl-CoA & glycine is carried out by enzyme ALA-synthase resulting in product formation i.e. 5-aminolevulinic acid. 2) 5-aminolevulinic acid is transported to the cytosol for formation of porphobilinogen molecule. 3) After formation

There are four steps in the muscle contraction cycle. At the beginning of contraction, the sarcoplasmic reticulum releases ca2+ into the sarcoplasm where they will bind to troponin.Troponin then moves tropomyosin away from the myosin binding sites on actin. Once binding sites are free the contraction cycle will begin. Step one of the contraction cycle is ATP Hydrolysis. During ATP hydrolysis the enzyme ATPase uses water to cleave a phosphate from ATP producing ADP and a free phosphate which remains attached to the myosin head.

This enzyme catalyzes the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide (substrate) into water and oxygen when it is not denatured. The enzyme substrate complex is when the enzyme and substrate bonded together on the active site splits and splits the hydrogen peroxide into oxygen and water. Lastly, the induce fit hypothesis is stating how the exposure of an enzyme to a substrate causes the active site of an enzyme to change until a substrate can completely bind to

Roles of each consist of the nucleus contain genetic material, which controls the actions of the cell, the cytoplasm is where the most chemical process happens and I controlled by enzymes. The Cell membrane controls the flow to and from the cell, the Mitochondria has the most energy released by respiration. In the Ribosomes protein synthesis occurs, and in the extra parts of the plant structure is functions like the cell wall, which strengthens it. The Chloroplasts contains chlorophyll, it absorbs the light for photosynthesis, and finally the permanent vacuole is filled with cell sap that helps keep the cell

Oxidoreductase catalyses an oxidation- reduction reaction as implied by its name. This reaction involves oxidation which is the loss of electrons and reduction which is the gain of electrons, both of which occur simultaneously and depend upon each other. An example of an Oxidoreductase enzyme is Lactate Dehydrogenase. The class Transferase catalyses reactions which transfer functional groups such as amino groups, phosphate groups or others. An example of the Transferase class of enzyme is Alanine Deaminase.

What is a mitochondrion and what significance does it hold for the basis of molecular biology? To put it simply, a mitochondrion is and organelle commonly found in large numbers in the majority of cells. The Mitochondrion is responsible for biochemical processes such as, respiration, oxidative phosphorylation and ATP synthesis. Thus, the Mitochondrion, or mitochondria accountable, are known as ‘ATP factories’ or ‘the powerhouse’ of the cell. It is obvious as to why mitochondria were studied in such detail.

Role of Enzymes in Metabolic Pathways Summary Metabolic pathways are a sequences of steps found in biochemical reactions in which the product of one reaction is the substrate for the next reaction [3]. Metabolic pathways most likely happen in specific locations in the cell. The control of any metabolic process depends on control of the enzymes responsible for the reactions occur in the pathways. After food is added to the body, molecules in the digestive system called enzymes break proteins down into fats into fatty acids, amino acids, and carbohydrates into simple sugars (for example, glucose). Enzymes plays an important role in the different metabolic pathways [5].

It involves initial activation of the carboxylic acid moiety with ATP, generating an acyl adenylate and pyrophosphate. Bound acyl adenylate reacts with coenzyme A (CoASH) to yield a high energy xenobiotic-CoA thioester intermediate that will link the activated acyl group to the amino group of the acceptor amino acid with regeneration of CoASH.101 Glutathione conjugation involves conjugation of the tripeptide glutathione with a xenobiotic that is enzymatically catalyzed by glutathione transferases. The detoxification pathway of xenobiotics via glutathione is discussed in

In addition, phenolphthalein was added as an indicator. The aliquots were titrated against sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution until end point was reached, after which volume of NaOH consumed was recorded. The value of the rate constant, k, obtained was 0.0002 s-1. The experiment was then repeated with 40/60 V/V isopropanol/water mixture and a larger value of k = 0.0007 s-1 was obtained. We concluded that the rate of hydrolysis of (CH3)3CCl is directly proportional to water content in the solvent mixture.

1. How does DNA encode information? DNA is a double-stranded helix composed of a phosphate backbone and deoxyribose, and encodes information by the sequence of its nucleotide bases, which are composed of adenine, thiamine, guanine and cytosine. DNA undergoes transcription, which produces single-stranded mRNA, which uses uracil in place of thiamine. Next step is translation, in which the RNA becomes a protein, which then can act as structural units or enzymes.

The Impact of Malonate on SDH Activity Hypothesis: We hypothesize that the reagent malonate will inhibit, or decrease SDH activity. Justification: Succinic dehydrogenase is an enzyme that is bound to the inner membrane of the mitochondria and takes part in the Krebs Cycle as well as the Electron Transport Chain. Most importantly, SDH is a major component in the Krebs Cycle, and catalyzes the oxidation of its succinate ions to fumarate ions, changing its chemical composition from C4H4O4 to C4H2O4, by removing hydrogen ions. ("5. Enzyme Inhibitors,” 2013).

The energy released is trapped in the form of ATP for use by all the energy-consuming activities of the cell. The chemical bonds in the glucose are broken there is a release of energy. There are two types of respiration; Cellular,and breathing. Mitocondria is the powerhouse of the cell. The Mitochondria takes in nutrients (glucose,oxygen).

Introduction: Enzymes are needed for survival in any living system and they control cellular reactions. Enzymes speed up chemical reactions by lowering the energy needed for molecules to begin reacting with each other. They do this by forming an enzyme-substrate complex that reduces energy that is required for a specific reaction to occur. Enzymes determine their functions by their shape and structure. Enzymes are made of amino acids, it 's made of anywhere from a hundred to a million amino acids, each they are bonded to other chemical bonds.

Observing the effects of a catalyst on an enzyme’s rate of reaction Leong, M., Kim, E., Nair, A. Achilly, K., 9/22/2015 Introduction: An enzyme is a protein that acts as a biological catalyst. A catalyst increases the rate of reaction by reducing the activation energy required (Reece 2005). Catalase, an enzyme produced by most living organisms, catalyzes the decomposition of H2O2 in our bodies in order to maintain homeostasis. Enzyme activity involves the binding of an enzyme to a substrate at its active site. Each active site is different and unique to its substrate, which is often thought similar to a lock and key.