Citric Acid Cycle Research Paper
The Citric Acid Cycle/ Kerbs Cycle/ TCA
The Citric acid cycle is important as anaerobic glycolysis can only harvest a fraction of the energy from glucose. In the citric acid cycle there is aerobic respiration of pyruvate from step ten in glycolysis to C02 and H2O. This oxidation of pyruvate can greater a higher yield of ATP. The citric acid cycle occurs in the mitochondria where ten ATP is produced. The main purpose of the citric acid cycle is to harvest electrons from the citric acid cycle and produce reduced compounds, then these reduced compounds are transported to the electron transport system and be used in the manufacturing of ATP. A unique feature of the citric acid cycle is that it is a common place where the macronutrients, carbohydrates,
…show more content…
Therefore pyruvate must be oxidised to yield Acetyl-CoA and CO2 which is carried out by pyruvate dehydrogenase (PHD). This is a complex structure that consist of a cluster of enzymes found in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells. This reaction is called the oxidative decarboxylation. It is an irreversible oxidative process. Here the carboxyl group is removed from the pyruvate as a molecule of C02 and the remaining two carbons are used to become the acetyl group in the Acetyl-CoA. Therefore pyruvate C3 is converted to acetate c2. In this reaction Coenzyme A is needed. NADH is also created in this reaction. The NADH gives a hydride ion to the respiratory chain. …show more content…
This reaction uses the enzyme aconitase. This is a reversible reaction. Iso- citrate is formed through the intermediate formation of cis-aconitate. Aconitase is an iron sulphur enzyme.
In step three iso-citrate is oxidised to α-ketoglutarate and also CO2 is released. The enzyme which catalysis this reaction is iso- citrate dehydrogenase. It catalyses the oxidative decarboxylation of iso- citrate to create α-ketoglutarate. In this reaction a six carbon sugar is reduced to a five carbon sugar.
In step four α-ketoglutarate is oxidised to Succlnyl-CoA. It is oxidation decarboxylation step. It is catalysed by the enzyme α- Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex. This reaction is identical to the pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction. A five carbon sugar is reduced to a four carbon sugar.
In step five Succlnyl-CoA is converted into Succinate. There is a strong negative standard of free energy from the hydrolysis. In the next step the energy that is released in breaking this bond is used to drive the synthesis of phosphoanhydrice used to create GTP nad ATP. Succinate is created in this process. It is a reversible reaction catalysed by Succlnyl-CoA synthetase. In steps six to eight is all about the regenerating of
Mitochondria Lab Report
737 Words | 3 PagesDuring this experiment, mitochondria were isolated from 20.2 grams of cauliflower using extraction buffer, filtration through Miracloth, and centrifusion. Twelve samples containing various volumes of mitochondrial suspension, assay buffer, DCIP, sodium azide, and citric acid cycle intermediates were prepared to be read by a spectrophotometer. The inclusion of the dye DCIP allowed for the absorbance of the reactions between the mitochondrial suspension and the TCA cycle intermediates succinate, malonate, and oxalate to be measured, as DCIP turns from blue to colorless as the activity of succinate dehydrogenase increases. Experimental Findings Increasing the number of mitochondria in the reaction did increase the reduction of DCIP relative to the amount of mitochondrial suspension present.
Secobarbital Research Paper
528 Words | 3 PagesSeconal Sodium (Secobarbital Sodium) Classification: Barbiturates (Broad) Molecular Weight: 260.27 g/mol pKa: 7.8 Molecular Formula: C12H17N2NaO3 IUPAC Name: 5-pentan-2-yl-5-prop-2-enyl-1, 3-diazinane-2, 4,6-trione Description Secobarbital is a barbiturate, which is a nonselective CNS depressant, they are often used as sedatives. Secobarbital was at one point used for induction of anesthesia before other general anesthetics agents became commonly used. The drug has also been prescribed for short-term treatment of insomnia on rare occasions.
Malalate Dehydrogenase Research Paper
781 Words | 4 PagesThus, some of the citric acid cycle are intermediates for other important reactions like the biosynthesis of glucose, fatty acids and amino acids. Due to the many functions of the citric acid cycle is also considered to be the "central hub of metabolism". This is because, as most of the absorbed nutrients, the fuel molecules are oxidized ultimately within the Krebs Cycle and its intermediates are used for various biosynthetic pathways. Figuratively, one can look at the citric acid cycle as a roundabout introduce, in which the nutrients (carbohydrates, fatty acids and amino acids) drive in and drive out again at the different locations for the synthesis of other
Lab Report Scaffold: Bromination Of Trans-Cinnamic Acid
904 Words | 4 PagesChem 51 LB Experiment 3 Report Scaffold: Bromination of Trans-Cinnamic Acid 1. The goal of this experiment was to perform a halogenation reaction through the addition of two bromides from pyridinium tribromide. This was accomplished by reacting trans-cinnamic acid with pyridinium tribromide. After the reaction took place, melting point analysis was conducted to find out the stereochemistry of the product, which could either be syn-addition, anti-addition, or syn + anti-addition. 2.
Synthesis Of 3-Nitrochalcone Lab Report
391 Words | 2 PagesNext, the oxygen is protonated from the 3-nitrobenzaldehyde, which is then followed by an elimination reaction where this acts as a leaving group. The product is the trans-alkene present in the product. After the reaction was completed, purification of the product was conducted using semi-microscale recrystallization.
Cellular Respiration Lab Report
849 Words | 4 PagesThe process described in this chapter is called cellular respiration because it involves cells using O2 and releasing CO2, just like how animals breathe to survive. My answer might indicate that scientists already knew about respiration in animals, meaning they knew animals take in O2 and expel CO2 in breathing, when they first observed cellular respiration. Since all steps of cellular respiration are closely connected, there would be a lot of problems if glycolysis, the Krebs Cycle, or the electron transport chain were not working. Glycolysis involves a six-carbon glucose molecule splitting into two three-carbon pyruvate molecules and results in energy being harvested into NADH and ATP.
The Copper Cycle
1051 Words | 5 PagesThe Copper Cycle is a well-know experiment that is used to demonstrate the Law of Conservation of Mass. According to this law, mass is conserved during chemical reactions. In other words, the mass of copper in the reactants is supposed to equal the mass of copper in the products.1 The Copper Cycle is a series of 5 reactions over which the mass of copper is ideally conserved. These reactions are various types of reactions, which highlights that mass is conserved in all kinds of chemical reactions. However, due to experimental errors, some percent of copper is usually not recovered in the last step.
Cellular Respiration Research Paper
1393 Words | 6 PagesWhen oxygen is involved, glycolysis is the beginning step of the process known as, aerobic cellular respiration. When oxygen is not involved, cells are only allowed to produce small quantities of ATP, this process is called anaerobic
Compare And Contrast Cellular Respiration And Photosynthesis
420 Words | 2 PagesThe stomata are the most critical piece to this process, as this is where CO2 enters and can be stored, and where water and O2 exit. Cellular respiration also known as oxidative metabolism is important to convert biochemical energy from nutrients in the cells of living organisms to useful energy known as adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Without cellular respiration living organisms would not be able to sustain life. This process is done by cells exchanging gases within its surroundings to create adenosine triphosphate commonly known as ADT, which is used by the cells as a source of energy. This process is done through numerous reactions; an example is metabolic pathway.
Methyl Trans-Cinnamate Lab Report
1399 Words | 6 PagesIt is understood the mechanism is acid-catalyzed where protons coordinate with the carbonyl oxygen to make the carbonyl carbon more electropositive for nucleophilic attack (Scheme 1). In the experimental procedure all reactants were added together, this is inefficient as the protons can coordinate with either trans-cinnamic acid or methanol. Coordination with methanol is unnecessary as it reduces its nucleophilicity and makes less protons available to coordinate with the carboxylic acid. To improve
Krebs Cycle And Electron Transport Chain
354 Words | 2 PagesMitochondria are membrane bound organelles which produce energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during cellular respiration (Vakifahmetoglu-Norberg, Ouchida & Norberg, 2017). The link reaction, Krebs cycle and electron transport chain (ETC) are the three main events which take place in the mitochondria. The Krebs cycle is a metabolic pathway which occurs in the mitochondrial matrix; where glucose, amino acids and fatty acids which have been converted to acetyl coenzyme A are oxidised to form ATP and carbon dioxide during aerobic respiration (Sajnani et al. , 2017). The enzyme, succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), is present in the mitochondria of eukaryotic organisms.
Lab Report On Fermentation
1432 Words | 6 PagesThen, tests are performed to determine if the products of aerobic and anaerobic respiration are present in the flasks. The citric acid cycle consists of a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to release stored energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of ATP (Biology). The tests detect the presence of carbon dioxide and ethanol. Carbon dioxide should be present irrespective of the type of respiration taking place, but ethanol is present only if fermentation has occurred. Another factor that can indicate whether fermentation occurred or cellular respiration occurred is the amount of glucose utilized during incubation.
2.7 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
716 Words | 3 PagesThe generated DNA fragments after every cycle are used as templates for the next cycle. This reaction consists of 5 major components: DNA template, two primers that are complementary to the 3’ ends of each strand of the DNA template, DNA polymerase, desoxynucleoside
Glucose: Most Important One Carbohydrate In Human Body
2153 Words | 9 Pages4. Ruff degradation of D-glucose and D-mannose produces D-arabinose in each case: Ruff degradation is the process of the destruction of below CHO consequently, the configuration of the two aldo-hexoses, D-glucose and D-mannose, can be derived by adding a new CHOH below CHO in form II of D-arabinose. For this reason, D-glucose has configuration V or VI. 5. D-glucose and L-glucose yield the same carboxylic acids:
Role Of Enzymes In Metabolic Pathways
595 Words | 3 PagesRole of Enzymes in Metabolic Pathways Summary Metabolic pathways are a sequences of steps found in biochemical reactions in which the product of one reaction is the substrate for the next reaction [3]. Metabolic pathways most likely happen in specific locations in the cell. The control of any metabolic process depends on control of the enzymes responsible for the reactions occur in the pathways. After food is added to the body, molecules in the digestive system called enzymes break proteins down into fats into fatty acids, amino acids, and carbohydrates into simple sugars (for example, glucose). Enzymes plays an important role in the different metabolic pathways [5].
More about Citric Acid Cycle Research Paper
Mitochondria Lab Report
737 Words | 3 PagesSecobarbital Research Paper
528 Words | 3 PagesMalalate Dehydrogenase Research Paper
781 Words | 4 PagesLab Report Scaffold: Bromination Of Trans-Cinnamic Acid
904 Words | 4 PagesSynthesis Of 3-Nitrochalcone Lab Report
391 Words | 2 PagesCellular Respiration Lab Report
849 Words | 4 PagesThe Copper Cycle
1051 Words | 5 PagesCellular Respiration Research Paper
1393 Words | 6 PagesCompare And Contrast Cellular Respiration And Photosynthesis
420 Words | 2 PagesMethyl Trans-Cinnamate Lab Report
1399 Words | 6 PagesKrebs Cycle And Electron Transport Chain
354 Words | 2 PagesLab Report On Fermentation
1432 Words | 6 Pages2.7 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
716 Words | 3 PagesGlucose: Most Important One Carbohydrate In Human Body
2153 Words | 9 PagesRole Of Enzymes In Metabolic Pathways
595 Words | 3 Pages