Climate change is now acclaimed as one of the most arduous and complicated problem confronting the globe. The risk factors are very high and the impacts would raise considerably the developmental impediments of safeguarding livelihood security and poverty eradication in most Sub-Saharan African (SSA) nations in general (IPCC, 2014) and Northern Ghana in particular. Climate and ecological change has intensified potentially unexpected and permanent disruptions of life and livelihood-sustaining natural systems, leading to socio-cultural, economic and environmental disruptions (UNSCEB, 2008). Current climate change projections by climate experts indicate progressively severe negative impacts on many countries across the world (IPCC, 2014). However, …show more content…
Components of household adaptive capacity consist of the crucial elements that enhance their abilities to tackle future risks (Eakin, 2005). Livelihood adaptation is a response to long-term process in contrast to coping strategies, which refer to short-term livelihood reactions in the consequence of unplanned or unforeseen crises following events like droughts or floods. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change definition of adaptation as ‘‘an adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm or exploits beneficial opportunities’’ (McCarthy, 2001: 869) has a compelling attention on the precise threats caused by climate change. The sustainable livelihood framework (Chambers and Conway, 1992; Scoones, 1998; Ellis, 2000) on the other hand emphasis on how people use livelihood assets (human, natural, financial, social, and physical) in a context of shocks, trends and seasonality. The choice of strategies is mediated by structures (e.g., levels of government, private sector) and processes (e.g., laws, policies, culture, institutions) and results in livelihood outcomes, such as income, well-being, or food security (Chambers and Conway, 1992; Ellis, 2000). The IPCC differentiates several types of adaptation: anticipatory (or proactive), reactive (or autonomous or spontaneous), and planned adaptation (‘‘the result of a deliberate policy decision, based on an awareness that conditions have changed or are about to change and that action is required to return to, maintain, or achieve a desired state’’ McCarthy, 2001:869). Livelihood adaptation (anticipatory) processes rely on diverse mechanisms than coping (reactive) processes. The long-term processes might be environmentally
The Harvest Gypsies is a time machine back to the 1940's. A hard time for agricultural workers as well as their families as they battled poverty, physical abuse, and long exhausting hours of work in the blazing hot sun of California. Gratefully not one of those obstacles did I ever have to endure in my life. Although I'm not the wealthiest of people, my life has never lacked a comforting home or food on my plate. I have certainly never had to work long hours everyday for a poor amount of money nor get beaten up.
During the 1930’s thousands of Dust Bowl migrant workers made their way from the central plain into California seeking work. In their search for work and some form of income many of the migrants and their families ended up in Hoovervilles, which were makeshift roadside camps that were greatly impoverished. Steinbeck was able to travel through the labor camps and recorded the horrible living conditions of the migrant workers. The collection of these recordings was published as Harvest Gypsies. During the tours of the labor camps he saw the oppression of the workers first hand in addition to workers being demoralized by wealthy land owners.
The targets for this goal are going to be very difficult to measure as climate change is constantly evolving and data will therefore never be specific. “Measuring resilience and adaptive capacity to climate hazards and natural disasters in all countries” is going to be more complex than just collecting the occurrences of these climatic events. Similarly, every government is capable of observing and collecting data on their progress when considering the implementation of measures in target 13.2 and of education programs and the organization of awareness campaigns in target 13.3. However, the difficulty of measuring these targets is that their assessment is based on subjectivity, except for their financial aspect.
The Lives of Migrant Farmworkers is article where Dirk Frewing recalls he lives as he grew up. He begins his article painting a picture of nurturing parents that would take him and his sister on driving excursions through farmland. Seizing an educational opportunity, he parents informed him how hard the farm hands work. The official introduction to the life of a farmworker came when Frewing was in college literature through the book Plum Plum Pickers. Frewing then went on to frequent work camps/fields with a friend.
First Nations Development Institute to Award $6,000 a Year in Scholarships If Native Americans were to regain control over their local food systems, they might eliminate food insecurity in rural Native communities and reservations. They could produce more food while improving health and nutrition. A college education is essential to effective management of food systems, but many Native American students can't afford college and university tuition. They need help from grants and scholarships.
People may know about climate change and the drastic changes it is having on the environment, but what they may not be aware of is that another degree increase in the world’s average temperature will cause even bigger problems for people all over. Climate change is long term shifts in temperature and patterns in the weather. Greenhouse gasses, gasses that trap heat in the atmosphere causing it to warm up are at an all-time high due to humans and the amount of fossil fuels we use. The most crucial result of climate change is global health, but animal endangerment and the rise in sea levels are also very important effects.
The history of migrant farm workers in California has changed extensively over time, especially under the influence of outside factors such as war and the desire to emigrate. Migrant workers, not just farm workers, have been involved in various occupations, from fishing to forestry, yet the agricultural field remains the most common (“Migrant Farm Labor”). Agricultural activities were once performed by Native Americans before Europeans established a colonial presence. During the existence of slavery in the U.S., it is believed by environmental historians that slaves applied their techniques in agriculture to those of American techniques, allowing them to rise against their owners with a better understanding of the landscape of the plantations
Marino makes it known that understanding this relationship is essential in distinguishing how Shishmaref citizens have become a vulnerable community. In fact, these relationships along with historical conditions, influenced how residents in that specific community experienced disasters. In this section, the differences between a hazard and vulnerability are also highlighted to determine their interconnection with disasters; for a disaster to take place both must be present. Marino strategically follows up with chapter three to show the link between climate change, vulnerability, and disasters. The purpose of this chapter was to demonstrate how ecological changes can be contributed to the vulnerability of Shishmaref.
The article written by Michael T. Klare, titled The Coming Hunger Wars: Heat, Drought, Rising Food Costs, and Global Unrest, tries to persuade the reader that the so called “Great Drought” of 2012 has roots in global warming, and “the immediate consequences of the still ongoing Great Drought: dying crops, shrunken harvests, and rising food prices,” and the long term effects including social and political uproars. (Klare 4) Klare uses many techniques in his writing, including ethos, pathos, and logos, which can be very effective when implemented properly. Klare’s audience is widespread because he feels we all play a part in our climate and environment, but he is looking to really hit the climate change non-believers.
It is evident since the advent of agriculture that human interaction has drastically altered the face of the earth. There is no doubt that human interaction is applying more and more pressure to the planet and to us humans as well, it is not only an issue of climate change. Drastic climate change can alter the world as we know it. Natural wonders, feats of humankind, and almost all infrastructure is threatened by the era we live in. In the modern age, we spend a great amount of time dedicated to discover the scope of the change humans have caused unto the Earth, it allows people to study patterns and possibilities while making observations.
“Man’s adaptation to nature in never a matter of technical understanding and inventiveness.” (Worster, 175) Man adapts to nature through trial and error, much like Worster expresses, people from the affected communities learned how to adapt to nature, learned how even something so natural as soil can become over
This chapter also discusses funding for the Global South against the changing climate, including the World Bank, the Inter-American Development Bank (IADB) and other NGOs. Chapter seven discusses the complications with trying to put clean energy systems; dams, solar energy, etc. into the jungle because of the industrious changes that would be needed for the land. At the same time, trying to go against these new clean energy sources can be dangerous because it can get you killed by not the environment but the people who own the business. When it comes to clean energy, the politics are more dangerous than the environment changing. Kozloff states in the epilogue “as climate change intensifies it is spurring tremendous social conflict,” (174).
Vulnerable populations are those with a greater risk of developing health conditions. These groups may have difficulty accessing healthcare because of sociocultural status, limited economic resources, geographic, or characteristics such as age, gender (****). This separation puts members of these groups at risk for not obtaining necessary medical care and thus creates a possible threat to their health. Vulnerable populations include some group like chronically ill, people with HIV/AIDS, mentally ill and disabilities, substance abusers and homeless groups population. For example, disadvantaged and poor working individuals who are unable to obtain health care due to their immigrant status also ethnic minority groups, typically discriminated against even though they have successful careers, higher education and
The impact of climate change is being felt throughout the world; however, the situation is more pronounced in developing countries because many households, social groups and regions have a limited capacity to adapt to climate variability and change (UNFCCC, 2007; IPCC 2007). The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2007:6) defined climate change as any change in climate over time, whether due to natural variability or as a result of human activity. The (UNFCCC 2007) espoused that agricultural production on the African continent relies primarily on rainfall. As such, any interruption in rainfall pattern and intensity will adversely affect the poor, predominantly the smallholder farmers (ibid).
Literature Review: Theoretical Approaches, Empirical Studies, Analytical Concepts and Legal Frameworks Theoretical Approaches towards food security With respect to the theoretical approaches to food security, there are three theories developed in 1970s and 1980s as cause to food insecurity. The first one is Climate theory; this theory explains food insecurity as caused by climatic phenomena. Cox, related this theory with the concept of “famine belt” in which he directly links climate condition to food insecurity. This theory argued that in the national or local level, climate linked phenomena such as drought, floods and others are a major factor causing food insecurity (Cox, 1981, cited in Steven Engler,