Waste Water Coagulation: Wastewater Treatment
Coagulation is one of the most important methods for wastewater treatment, but the main objects of coagulation are only the hydrophobic colloids and suspended particles. Flocculation is the action of polymers to form bridges between the flocs and bind the particles into large agglomerates or clumps. Once suspended particles are flocculated into larger particles, they can usually be removed or separated by filtration, straining or floatation. Today many kinds of flocculants, such as PAC, polyferricsulphate (PFS) and polyacrylamide (PAM), are widely used in the treatment of wastewater; however, it is nearly impracticable to remove heavy metal very well from wastewater directly by these current flocculants.
2.2 Ion-Exchange Method Ion
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Many researchers have validated that zeolites exhibit good cation-exchange capacities for heavy metal ions under different experimental conditions [27]. Clinoptilolite is one of the most frequently studied natural zeolites that have received extensive attention due to its selectivity for heavy metals. Doula employed clinoptilolite-Fe system to simultaneously remove Cu, Mn and Zn from drinking water and found that the system has very large metal adsorption capacity and for most of the cases the treated water samples were suitable for human consumption or agricultural use …show more content…
It is also very efficient because adsorption is sometimes reversible, adsorbents can be regenerated by suitable desorption process [29]. In recent years, the search for low cost adsorbents that have metal-binding capacities has been investigated [30]. The adsorbents may be of mineral, organic or biological origins, zeolites, industrial by-products, agricultural wastes, biomass, activated carbon, carbon nanotubes and polymeric materials [31, 32]. There are many adsorbents that can be used for the removal of metal ions from wastewater and, certainly, cost plays an important role for determining which one is applicable. Activated carbon (AC) adsorbents are widely used in the removal of heavy metal contaminants due to its large micropore and mesopore volumes and the resulting high surface area and a large number of researchers are studying the use of AC for removing heavy metals. Converting carbonaceous materials into AC for heavy metals remediation have been reported. The use of AC from eucalyptus bark in the binary component sorption of Cu2 and Pb2 and poultry litter to manufacture AC for treating heavy metal-contaminated water was explored [33, 34]. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) discovered by Iijima [68], have been widely studied for their excellent properties and applications
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