CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
Definition of Learning
Life is a process of continual change. From infancy to adolescence to adulthood to death, we are changing. Many factors work together to produce those changes, but one of the most important is the process of learning. Through our experiences, we learn new information, new attitudes, new fears, and new skills; we also learn to understand new concepts, to solve problems in new ways, and even to develop a personality over a lifetime. And in the course of reading textbooks, we learn new definitions for words like learning: In psychology the term learning refers to any relatively permanent change in behaviour brought about through experience—that is, through interactions
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If you have frequently visited the seashore with a friend, visiting the seashore alone will probably trigger memories of that friend. If you got sick the last time you ate a hot dog, you will likely feel nauseous the next time you see one. Learning through association is a common part of our lives.
Before we can proceed much further in our understanding of classical conditioning, we need to learn some new terminology. Although a bit awkward and confusing at first, these new terms will allow us to expand our discussion of classical conditioning to topics more relevant to your own experiences than salivating dogs without losing sight of the basic concept. First we use each of these four new terms to refer to the specific stimuli and responses in Pavlov’s experiments, then we use them with new examples. The new terms are as follows.
1. Unconditioned Stimulus – The meat which was given to the dogs in Pavlov’s experiments was the unconditioned stimulus (UCS). This can be any stimulus that can elicit the response without any learning. In other words, the response to an unconditioned stimulus is natural and
Chapter 6 Question E In classical conditioning, whether we are human beings or animals, our first learning is acquisition. Classical conditioning happens upon the appearance of 2 stimuli put together, this occurs effortlessly and unconsciously. Acquisition is the link of the unconditional stimulus and a conditioned stimulus. US, stimulus that produces a reply without previous knowledge.
Summary: Chapter 2 Chapter two dives into the concept of learning. As mentioned in the previous chapter, learning is the study of changes in behavior produced by experience, so when studying learning it is vital to examine how events in the environment change an individual’s behavior. Many scientists consider learning to be a natural phenomenon, they make their case based on four assumptions. The first assumption being that natural phenomena’s do not just happen, but instead they are caused as the result of some other event. The second assumption is that causes precede effects.
Pavlov’s dog experiment is a base for the establishment of classical conditioning theory and its concepts. In classical conditioning, generalization is defined as the process in which a stimulus similar to the original CS produces similar behavior identical
According to Rathus (2015) classical conditioning is basically learning to identify occurrences or events with other events (p. 125). My aversion with seafood and classical conditioning is associated with the smell of seafood. When the aroma of seafood is around, I will immediately breathe out of my mouth, or flee to another space. Chapter Six
John B. Watson and his assistant Rosalie Rayner conducted an experiment called the “Little Albert” experiment. It was a psychology experiment performed to demonstrate the effects of behavioral conditioning in humans. John was influence by the studies of Ivan Pavlov, where he used conditioning process in dogs. John want to prove that taking Pavlov’s research a step further could show how emotional reactions could be classically conditioned in humans. John used an 9 month old boy to be the subject of the little Albert experiment.
In contrast with Classical Conditioning, Skinner introduced Operant Conditioning to conduct research on shaping one’s own behaviors through two kinds of consequences: reinforcement and punishment. Reinforcement is the consequences that increase the chance that the behavior will occur again in the future. Two kinds of reinforcements he identified were positive reinforcement (stimulus that favors the outcome, such as praise) and negative reinforcement (the removal of unpleasant stimulus to increase recurring behavior). Punishment also plays an important role with Operant Conditioning. Punishment is the consequences that decrease the chance that the behavior will occur again.
Nevertheless, Skinner points out that children learn nothing from the punishment. Instead, they may start to work out how to avoid it (Nolan & Raban, 2015). Another concept is classical conditioning (classical behaviorism) that emphasizes on the relation between stimuli and response. This concept embodies in a famous experiment, in which the food is presented to the dog when the bell rings, and the bell becomes a conditioned stimulus for the dog (Nolan & Raban, 2015). Likewise, if children receive toys in the condition that they behave well, then they will probably repeat this behavior to get the toys.
1. The Stanford Prison Experiment, Philip Zimbardo Zimbardo’s social experiment in 1971, The Stanford Experiment, is heavily criticised on ethical grounds it provides a valuable insight into the “interpersonal dynamics which occur within the prison environment,” (Haney, Banks, & Zimbardo, 1973, p. 69). The experiment which randomly divided participants between prison guards and prisons dramatically demonstrated over a six day period the demonization that occurs within the prison system, as “the majority had indeed become prisoners or guards, no longer able to clearly differentiate between role playing and self,” (Zimbardo, 2001, p. 274). Whilst Zimbardo’s experiment is recognised as one of the first versions of “Reality TV” due to inclusion
He persisted to hypothesize that we do have to learn to be surprised or frightened, it happens automatically. John organized tests to reveal that we do not have to learn to be afraid, but what objects we fear must be learned. An unconditioned stimulus is a sudden, loud noise. The unconditioned stimulus is for the unconditioned response of fear. The conditioned response of fear is known as a conditioned emotional response (CER).
Classical conditioning occurs when a neutral stimulus produces a response after already being paired with a stimulus that naturally produces a response (Schacter et
Chapter three deals with procedures based in the principles of “respondent conditioning”, also known as Classical or Pavlovian conditioning. Classical conditioning is different than “operant conditioning”, in which a behavior is modified through its consequences, known as a reinforcer or punisher. These behaviors are called operant behaviors or voluntary. However, this chapter focuses on “respondent behavior”.
Introduction Learning enables you as an individual, to gain more knowledge about something which you have never learned about. Learning also has to do with past experiences which are influenced by behavioural changes (Weiten, 2016). There are different types of ways to learn; through, classical conditioning, operant conditioning and observational learning which will be discussed and analysed in the essay. Behaviourism Behaviourism is considered one of the main subjects in psychology and the two main people who founded behaviourism were, Burrhus Frederic Skinner, also known as B.F Skinner and Ivan Pavlov who were famous for the work they did on classical and operant conditioning (Moderato & Presti, 2006). According to Moderato and Presti
INTRODUCTION Have you ever thought on how people explain about behaviour? How do we know when learning process has occurred? Learning is permanent change that happened in the way of your behaviour acts, arises from experience one’s had gone through. This kind of learning and experience are beneficial for us to adapt with new environment or surrounding (Surbhi, 2018). The most simple form of learning is conditioning which is divided into two categories which are operant conditioning and classical conditioning.
This assignment will show how through the use of Classical Conditioning principles that it is possible to develop phobias and that by using Systematic Desensitisation it is possible to overcome fears and phobias. A phobia is a serious or illogical fear of or hatred of something. Classical Conditioning is a process through which we learn about conditions that predict the occurrence of a significant event. It is also where the subject learns to respond to a stimulus that otherwise wouldn’t cause a response. Systematic Desensitisation is a graded exposure to the feared stimulus, which is the conditioned stimulus, thus encouraging extinction to occur.
Watson proposed that the process of classical conditioning (based on Pavlov’s observations) was able to explain all aspects of human psychology. The theory of classical conditioning involves learning a new behavior through a process of association. Meaning that two stimuli are linked together to create a newly learned response. There are three stages of classical conditioning, before conditioning, during conditioning and after conditioning (Mc Leod, 2014). Watson’s theory also involved the conditioning of emotions.