2. THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK Postcolonial criticism helps us effectively to see connections among all the domains of experience such as psychological, social, ideological, political, aesthetic, and intellectual in ways that show us how these categories are attached to our experience of life and our world. Furthermore, postcolonial criticism provides us framework for investigating the comparisons among all critical theories such as feminism; Marxism; gay, lesbian, and queer theories; and African American theory, that deal with human oppression (Tyson, 2006, p. 417). Guerin et al. (2005, p. 303) state Postcolonial criticism denotes to a historical stage undergone by Third World countries after the decline of colonialism. For instance, when countries in Asia, Africa, Latin America, and the Caribbean detached from the European empires and decided to reconstitute their own authority. Furthermore, Bennett and Royle (2004, p. 2014) argue postcolonial criticism is concerned with what occurs or exist after the end of colonial rules covering all the culture affected by the imperial process from the moment of colonization to the present day. Tyson (2006, p. 427) suggest these are some common topics which are included postcolonial criticism:
1. The native people’s initial encounter with the colonizers and the disruption of indigenous culture.
2. The journey of the European outsider through an unfamiliar wilderness with a native guide
3. Othering (the colonizers’ treatment of members
According to Cronon, “Many European visitors were struck by what seemed to them the poverty of Indians who lived in the midst of a landscape endowed so astonishingly with abundance” (Cronon 33).European ideas about owning land as private property clashed with natives’ understanding
Rarely is the voice of the Indian heard. The pre-European occupant of the land was classified only as a hindrance to the spreading of American civilization to the West Coast. In this book, Brown seeks to remedy the historical injustice
" This absence of a recognized common lineage was a significant factor in the Natives' failure to resist the European onslaught. This critical factor was worsened by: their growing reliance on European manufactured products (metal awls, needles and kettles, iron arrowheads and axes); the fur-trade rivalries; the colonial
This Mimac Elder explains that the Natives get a feeling of satisfaction from hunting and fishing, they are not simply doing it because they need to. He explains that the Natives do not see property as important or meaningful as the Europeans do. This stance on property provides the true explanation of why Natives were “continually moving.” The Elder argues that the European ways of life are not as fulfilling as the Native ways of life. It is evident that both sides show that they had feelings that their culture was superior compared to the
After reading Native Americans and the “Middle Ground,” I realized how narratives of historians are quick to shame and blame Native Americans in history. This article begins by revealing how European settlement presented the Indians as obstacles. Recent historians, such as Gary Nash, show the Native Americans as being conquered by the Europeans. Author of The Middle Ground, Richard White, seems to be one of the first to examine the culture of Native Americans and the relationship between colonists. White writes about the “middle ground” of the politics and trade that is eventually established.
Throughout the seventeenth century, conflict between Europeans and Native Americans was rampant and constant. As more and more Europeans migrated to America, violence became increasingly consistent. This seemingly institutionalized pattern of conflict begs a question: Was conflict between Europeans and Native Americans inevitable? Kevin Kenny and Cynthia J. Van Zandt take opposing sides on the issue. Kevin Kenny asserts that William Penn’s vision for cordial relations with local Native Americans was destined for failure due to European colonists’ demands for privately owned land.
When the Europeans began settling in the new land many cultural differences began to arise. Consequently, this left the English settlers and the natives with fear and confusion. The natives of the new land had never seen anything like the Europeans; they had white skin, huge ships, dressed differently, and they had many different weapons. Christopher Columbus in his narrative, Report of the First Voyage, described them as “timid beyond cure” (“Report of the First Voyage” 18). He also stated that when he would men ashore to contact the natives “people without number have come to them, and as soon as they saw them coming, they fled; even a father would not stay for his son” (“Report of the First Voyage” 18).
The Age of Exploration not only brought land and resources for the Europeans, but also a cruel African slave trade and the destruction of Native American civilization and religions. During this time, a quest for the spread of religion, riches, and fame for many countries was present, and so, they sent voyages towards the new land to set up colonies and further expand their borders. When exploring these lands, the colonists did not take the native people into account when planting the seeds of a new colony, and usually took advantage of their simplistic and unknowing nature. They took their culture, religion, and resources away from them. The exploration and conquest of the New World brought a society that thrived on the hard work of slaves to develop the economies of other countries.
Merrell’s article proves the point that the lives of the Native Americans drastically changed just as the Europeans had. In order to survive, the Native Americans and Europeans had to work for the greater good. Throughout the article, these ideas are explained in more detail and uncover that the Indians were put into a new world just as the Europeans were, whether they wanted change or
One of the most influential conflicts in American history is the founding of the original colonies in the early 1600’s. The most widely recognized early colonies included the Plymouth and Jamestown English settlements. When comparing the settlements of Plymouth and Jamestown, it is important to acknowledge the similarities and differences in relationships between Native Americans and the English Settlers; specific significant differences include encounters, intermediates, wars, and treaties. These comparisons prove the attitude and role the Native Americans and settlers played in each other’s status as measured by social, economic, and cultural factors. Encounters between Native Americans and English settlers demonstrate the attitudes and
The author, Seybert provide an article informing the reader about Native American slaves’ and the series of events that occurred after the arrival of the Europeans. Before the Europeans arrived, some of the Native tribal groups would capture the Indian slaves and use them for small-scale labor and ritual sacrifice. Indian slaves were treated as if they were part of the Native American tribe. For example, The Creek treated both tribal members and slave children as if they were full members (Seybert, 1). Most importantly the Native Americans did not buy and sell the Indian captives, and if they did it was usually for peace gesture or an exchange of a member.
Modernity has been mainly characterized by its imperialistic policies and colonizing endeavors, which while creating the current legal organization of the world have largely marginalized the many indigenous groups who originally occupied the conquered lands (Andrews and Walton 600). Although post-modern societies have seen an increase in the awareness of these matters, American-Canadian author Thomas King has dedicated his work to throwing light on issues still not tackled. In his short story “Borders”, King tells the adventure of a Blackfoot mother and her child, who try to cross the border to the U.S. but refuse to declare their nationality. It is through his masterful choice of narrator and the careful depiction of the mother’s struggle to maintain her Blackfoot identity that the author conveys the many difficulties First Nations face in their effort to keep their heritages alive.
Representation plays a pivotal role in comprehending and interpreting the complex world around us. According to Stuart Hall, “representation is an essential part of the process by which meaning is produced and exchanged between members of a culture (Hall The Work of Representation 1997). How adequately one represents one’s own self or the world around them is a matter of prime concern for everyone ranging from critics to common man. However, no representation is neutral and it involves issues of power and control. Much postcolonial scholarships revolve around this issues of power and politics of representation with the deployment of what Foucault has popularly termed as “discourse”.
Lenin (1917) broadly defines imperialism as the highest form of capitalism. Lenin explains that imperialism was an effort by the "advanced" countries to exert their dominance in the world, and own and control its economic resources and potential. Capitalism made it unviable for the less developed countries to follow the route of the "advanced" countries, as this would lead to competition. The monopoly capitalist nations, therefore, did not have any interest in development. Rather, their investment went into the exploitation of raw materials for their industries.
Discourse on colonialism generally results in the different opinions of the colonizer and the colonized. The upshot of such discourse shows that colonialism has divergent interpretations. For the colonizer, it is ‘a civilizing mission’; to the colonized, it is exploitation. Such concept is better understood when both the views are studied with an objective approach. Things Fall Apart is a perfect novel to study colonialism as it deals with the perspectives of the colonizer and the colonized.