Colonialism In The Middle East
This paper will discuss how the European colonialism was the primary factor that shaped the modern Middle East and North Africa and the primary cause of state weaknesses in this area. The state as defined by Owen “a sovereign political entity with international recognition, Its own boundaries, its own flag and the supreme coercive and rule making body” In the Middle East, Colonialism was the power that shape the state systems, structures and borders, created “flawed states system” which the states is still reproducing it.
Colonial projects and policies shaped the states’ structure in the Middle East. It created authoritarian weak regimes in the Middle East with no political experience and weak institutions. It made the new states dependent
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British tanks besieged Abdeen palace in Cairo 1942 to force king Farouk to appoint a nationalist Wafdist cabinet to cooperate with Britain during WWII, despite 1936 agreement that make Egypt an independent and sovereign state Britain and Soviets reoccupied Iran in 1941 to force Reza Shah to leave the throne to his son Mohamed. The colonial powers established and supported authoritarian regimes that guarantee the continuity of the colonial interests and acted against any effort by the local political parties and movements to establish constitutional rule. That situation encouraged the states in the Middle East to be more authoritarian and, hence, more …show more content…
In addition to “divide and rule policy” , it created an alliance with the society elite, whether large landowners or tribal Sheikhs, to control rural areas. The elite, in exchange for political and economic privileges, can maintain security and manage the mobilization in rural area, and back the regime. Also, colonial administration emphasized the security and defense issues, to continue the political and security control and secures its colonial interests. After Independence, the regimes created by the colonialism continued to emphasize the security policy and used the repression against the opposition. However, the economic inequality, the weakness of the regime and “failure of the bourgeoisie” created a vacuum of power and instability which allowed the nationalists officers to intervene and overthrow the “ancient regime” particularly in Egypt, Iraq and Syria or revolution like the case of Iran
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