CONDUCTOMETRY
1.0 Definition
Conductometry is basically a method which is used for the measurement of conductivity with respect to relative electrodes in ionic solutions that have an electric field.
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It can also be defined as the instrument through which we can find the electrical conductivity of an electrolytic solution.
2.0 Unit: It can be measured in mhos (Ωˉ1).
3.0 Electrical conductivity of an electrolytic solution based upon:
Ions numbers: Larger the conductivity of a solution, if it contains greater numbers of ions in it.
Temperature: As we increase the temperature the conductivity of a solution also goes on increasing, as it depend upon the ion temperature ranges from the 1 to 9% / Kelvin.
Viscosity: The viscosity decreased,
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Specific conductance (K):
The electrolytic solution conductivity is basically a measure to its capability to conduct the current. Its SI unit is S/m.
It is basically used in industries where it is use to measure the water purification through the water purification systems. Molar conductance: (ˆ)
The measurement of conductance of any solution that have one mole of the solute in Vcc of solution that are present between the two parallel electrodes that are present from 1 cm aside. It can be define like that as the electrolytic solution conductivity will be divided by molar concentration of an electrolyte, and the measurement of the productivity with which a bestowed electrolyte conducts electricity in a solution. Units are Siemens / meter per molarity, and the symbols used commonly are Λ or Λm Equivalent conductance: (^eq)
The strength of conducting all the ions formed by dissolving one gram equivalent in the solution of an electrolyte. The unit of equivalent conductance are the Resistance: (R)
The measurement of conductors opposition to the flow of electric
Conductor: stranded wires from copper or aluminum with a suitable cross sectional area relating to the ampere of the load 2. Inner semiconductor: uniform and distribute the electric field to prevent interference between
Introduction to Physics Lab (ZBT1) Electromagnetic Induction Marc Westover C164 ZBT1 Task 2 Professor Taha Mzoughi 03/14/2017 Introduction This experiment describes a physics lab on electromagnetic induction. It will test if coils of looped wire produce an electric current and if the number of coils makes a difference in a reading.
For Herbert Run the conductivity level was 687µS/cm. The Turbidity level was 0 FAU and the Nitrate level was 0.02ppm. I accept my hypothesis and reject parts of my hypothesis. I reject that both streams have a high turbidity level. Both streams’ turbidity level is zero.
This disproved my hypothesis that Powerade would have the most electrolytes and proved that orange juice contains more and would be better for hydration. It answered my investigative question of which liquid would have the most electrolytes with orange juice coming in first place, Powerade in second place and tap water in last place. I would like to improve the experiment by adding in more variables such as more substances to test and testing at different temperatures to see if the temperature has an effect on the conductivity. I also feel that I would like to get more copper wire to change it after each trial as I think the oxidation of the copper wire caused my later readings to fluctuate and perhaps be inaccurate. I therefore conclude that orange juice proved to be the most conductive and that the oxidation o the copper wires caused some of the later readings to fluctuate but overall I feel that the results were accurate.
RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL When the neuron is not sending a signal at rest the membrane potential called as resting membrane potential. In this stage, permeability of K+ much greater than Na+ When a neuron is at rest, the inside of the neuron is negative relative to the outside. Although the concentrations of the different ions endeavor to balance out on both sides of the membrane, they cannot because the cell membrane sanctions only some ions to pass through channels (ion channels). At rest, potassium ions (K+) can cross through the membrane facilely. Additionally at rest, chloride ions (Cl-) and sodium ions (Na+) have a more arduous time crossing.
When temperature is increased, the amount of obtainable energy increases; meaning that particles will move at faster pace at a higher temperature. Thus rate at which molecules diffuse will progressively speed up as the temperature increases. However if temperature of solution is decreased the rate of osmosis will decrease and rate at which molecules diffuse will be significantly less than that of higher
- A hydrate is a salt that contains water as a part of its crystal structure. The hydrate used in this lab was Copper (ll) Sulfate Pentahydrate. To heat the hydrate in this lab a crucible is needed. A crucible is a heat resistant container used to heat things to high temperatures. In this lab a mole was used to determine the measurements of all substances.
Properties of Ionic and Covalent Substances Lab Report Introduction The purpose of this lab was to determine which of the following substances: wax, sugar, and salt, are an ionic compound and which are a covalent compound. In order to accurately digest the experiments results, research of definitions of each relating led to the following information: ionic compounds are positive and negatively charged ions that experience attraction to each other and pull together in a cluster of ionic bonds; they are the strongest compound, are separated in high temperatures, and can be separated by polar water molecules. A covalent compound forms when two or more nonmetal atoms share valence electrons; covalent compounds are also
Purpose/Introduction The process of recrystallization is an important method of purifying a solid organic substance using a hot solution as a solvent. This method will allow the separation of impurities. We will analyze Benzoic Acid as it is dissolved and recrystallized in water and in a solvent of Methanol and water. Reaction/Summary
Strong acids and strong bases are strong electrolytes and are assumed to ionize completely in the presence of water. Weak acids however, only ionize to a limited extend in water. Any weak or strong acids when in contact with any weak or strong alkali will start to undergo neutralization regardless of their volume. When an indicator which is present in the acid-base mixture and have experienced colour change, it indicates that the mixture is in right proportions to neutralize each other and is also known as the equivalence point.
Chemistry IA Background information: Introduction: Electrolysis it’s a chemical process that when you pass an electric current into a solution or a liquid that contains ions to separate substances back to their original form. The main components that are required for electrolysis to take a place are: Electrolyte: it’s a substance that when dissolved in water it ionize and then it will contain free moving ions and without these moving ions the process of electrolysis won’t take place. Direct current (DC): This current provides the energy needed to discharge the ions in the electrolyte Electrodes: it’s an object that conducts electricity and it’s used in electrolysis as a bridge between the solution and power supply. A great example
This experiment is an attempt to investigate the amount of water potential across root storage plant species. The root storage plant species that shall be used are the carrot and the potato and the method that shall be used is known as Chardakov’s method. Water potential is the tendency of water to enter or leave a cell. Water moves from an area or region of low water potential to an area of high water potential. It is important to note that the highest water potential is 0(the water potential of pure water) and the other water potential values are in negative numbers .
Purpose This experiment is to determine the concentration of the solute copper sulfate pentahydrate, and the unknown solution, by passing different wavelengths of light through each solution. Procedure Weigh out approximately 5g of copper sulfate pentahydrate. Record the mass and place the solute into a 50 mL volumetric flask. Fill half of the flask with distilled water, add the stopper for the flask, and lightly shake the flask, until the copper sulfate pentahydrate fully dissolved.
Introduction Buffer is a solution that resists a change in pH when bases or acid are added. Solutions that are acidic contain high concentrations of hydrogen ions (H+) and have pH values less than seven. Buffer usually consist of a weak acid, and its conjugate base or a weak base and its conjugate acid. The function of buffer is to resist the changes in hydrogen ion concentration as a result of internal and environmental factor. This buffer experiment is important so that we relies the important of buffer in our life.
Introduction Solubility is a chemical property that is measured in terms of the maximum amount of solute dissolved in a solvent at equilibrium. The resulting solution is called saturated solution. For example when a sample of sodium chloride solution in water is heated the behavior of the reaction is endothermic obstructing exothermic behavior. Another relationship that can be said about solubility is that the solubility of a solid substance increases as the temperature increases. The solubility of solutes is dependent on temperature.