In “The Conflict of Autonomy and Authority” Robert Paul Wolff argues that the state will always be in conflict with the autonomous man, and that the only political doctrine which grants man true autonomy, is anarchism. His argument is based on two main premises. First, he asserts that man has an obligation to achieve autonomy; be responsible for his actions, and make his own decisions. Second, he posits that government-imposed commands can never be more than mere suggestions for the autonomous man; they may be complied with voluntarily, but never perceived as legitimately binding. The state is viewed as illegitimate because it issues laws (commands), which it expects man to follow, which rob man of his autonomy. Therefore, Wolff posits that
the authors explain in this section that if people are pushed into a government that does not allow them to uphold their rights, then they are in their own rights to overthrow the current rulers in the pursuit of a better, and more just mode of governing. these beliefs are outlined in the next paragraph, where parallel structures are used in order to create a more impactful and riveting read. “. . . That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, --That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government . . .” (CITATION NEEDED).
Should individuals submit to their government or to society? Is it worth losing their self-determination? In both Aldous Huxley’s, Brave New World, and Anthony Burgess’s, A Clockwork Orange, the objectives of the government to maintain power and stability are alike, while its methods of upholding such rigid control over the people are different. The government’s authority has a profound effect on society that is apparent in both novels when assessing the value of free will to an individual.
The Primary objective of all leaders should be to control citizens. A society that allows authority to be challenged will never succeed. This source depicts an authoritarian or totalitarian view of what a governing body should look like. The author suggests that the primary objective of government should be the “control of the citizens”, and therefore that the individuals should entirely obey said government.
The Combine or other oppressive authoritative structures like it, are made for people who are dependent, that need someone else’s constant care. The reason they so often fail is because each person is made to be an individual, to be original. Based upon the work of Kesey, Hospers, and Nehru, one can see that individual rights cannot exist under a omnipotent
Introduction: While freedom as a concept feels fairly intuitive, nuances in interpretation can change the basis of an argument. John Locke’s Second Treatise of Government and Alexis de Tocqueville’s Democracy in America do not define liberty in precisely the same way, which in turn guides two different visions in how a government should function. When examining a core concept in an argument, it is important to inquire to whether its treatment is adequate. Is either definition of liberty sufficient, and does either author’s envisioned government adequately address liberty in that system? This paper will argue that Locke’s definition of liberty remains in the literal sphere while Tocqueville’s is more conceptual, but neither Locke’s nor Tocqueville’s
Two Concepts of Liberty Summary of the essay: In this essay, the famous political theorist Isaiah Berlin tries to differentiate between the notions of positive liberty and negative liberty. Berlin briefly discusses the meaning of the word ‘freedom’. He says that a person is said to free when no man or body of men interferes with his activity. He makes reference to many philosophers in the essay, but there is more emphasis on the thoughts of J. S. Mill and Rousseau, the former being a firm advocate of negative liberty while the latter believes strongly in the ideals of positive liberty.
Jonathan Wolff’s article primary addresses the unfair treatment of social and economic rights, emphasizing on the current global health crisis in particular; it disputes human rights not equally prioritized. He then poses a challenging but essential question: “How can there be a human right to health if the resources are just not there to satisfy it?” He obviously takes to heart the necessity of good health care as a natural right for humans and he believes it should be legally our right to have a good health system. His believe can draw once mind to reevaluate Franklin Roosevelt's 1941 speech in which he alleged that the “four freedoms”—freedom of speech and worship, and freedom from fear and want—are basic human rights. Wolff construes, the right to health is a human right as reported by the Declaration of Human Rights.
In modern society, people have seen many different types of government and made movies concerning them. The question that human kind keeps on asking is how much control the government should have over the people since it affects people in all aspects: economic, political, social, environmental, and others. In “Harrison Bergeron” by Kurt Vonnegut, the government in the science-fiction society controls the citizens’ freedom in order to remain in power. Kurt Vonnegut describes how the government takes over the citizens’ every move by describing the mechanisms in place such as not educating the people and the laws passed to establish control over them and to end all revolts. For example, Vonnegut describes how “the 211th, 212th, and 213th Amendments… [of] the Constitution… [leads] to the unceasing
Secondly*, governments stress the importance of free will and self expression (such as the first amendment in the Constitution), yet* they are frequently the ones who take it away from citizens, resulting in negative government control. An example of this is shown in The Giver by Lois Lowry. The government, in the book, created “Sameness,” which made everything the same: color, climate, population, gender, houses, and so on. This took away self expression because the people weren’t allowed to make choices for themselves, but they had the choices made for them. For instance*, they could not wake up in the morning and choose between a blue shirt or a red shirt, because Sameness made every color the exact same.
This situation can practice an overbearing force even outside the political domain, when powers, for example, popular sentiment smother uniqueness and defiance. Here, society itself turns into the dictator by looking to perpetrate its will and qualities on others. Next, Mill watches that freedom can be separated into three kinds, every one of which must be perceived and regarded by any free society. In the first place, there is the freedom of thought and sentiment. The second sort is the freedom of tastes and interests, or the flexibility to design our own lives.
Previously mentioned, Shklar believes how the limited power to the state is the solution to individuals freedom and liberty not being in danger. She also believes that the liberalism of fear is not similar to anarchism. Anarchist’s tend to believe that people do not need state power or any rules of law to live peacefully, but Shklar suggests that rules are significant to liberalism in various ways because the rules of law will protects ones individual
While the protagonist, Alex, may choose vicious acts, he chooses them with a clear ethical capacity. On the other hand, when being controlled by the government, he loses the part of him that makes him human. Individuals may not always make the best choice, but humanity comes from a human’s ability to choose between right and wrong. In this case, the destruction of Alex’s humanity proves that it is better to be bad by choice, than to be good by government coercion.
Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau have become known as three of the most prominent political theorists in the world today. Their philosophies and innovative thinking is known worldwide and it has influenced the creation of numerous new governments. All three thinkers agree on the idea of a social contract but their opinions differ on how the social contract is established and implemented within each society. These philosophers state, that in order for the social contract to be successful people need to give up certain freedoms in order to secure fundamental protections from the state, henceforth the state then has certain responsibilities to their citizens. Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau all believe that before men were governed we all lived in a state of nature.
Autonomy of the Will [4:439-441] & [4:446-448] What is the relationship between autonomy and action? Autonomy is the idea that each person is free and self-governing. Each person being autonomous can decide their actions for themselves but do not reflect others, "Her actions then express her own will and not the will of someone or something else."
“The Anatomy of the State”, by Rothbard, discusses the abuses suffered by the public in order for the state to maintain control. Rothbard’s work also discusses the state’s ability to self-regulate. An ability that grants nearly limitless power. Finally, Hayek’s “Road