Conjugation In Biotechnology

Q1- transduction , transformation , and conjugation in microorganisms . Give a definition and main differences with example .

- Transduction : it`s a process of transform the genetic material in bacterial cell where the transform of genetic material occur by virus (bacteriophage) , where the virus transfer the genetic material from the host cell to another host cell , where the virus will initiate another cycle of infection . example : prophages , GTA ( gene transfer agent) .

- Transformation : it’s the process when bacterial cell are able to uptake the free DNA from their environment example : B. subtilis is an important for bacterial genetic study but they are not naturally competent , and the transform of these stain

Thus bacteria can be partially diploid, for some genes. This allows one to test if the alleles are dominant or recessive . Gene transfer agent (GTA) particle is contain of double-stranded DNA in a small fragment that`s mean not the whole genome , so when transduction occur the cell will become temporarily diploid for a portion of the genome during gene transfer process . That happen before the additional DNA is merged back to the origin DNA . That can help bacteria to pick up the most effective gene that will help in the resistance of the harsh environmental condition and also to determine the dominant strain by natural selection . That also help in the adaptation of microorganisms in their environment where they can uptake a specific gene that make it survive in a specific environment

Plasmid located genes that are transfer by conjugation from donor to recipient cells, that can spread rapidly between even phylogenic different groups of bacterial and microbial communities in different environment ,specific physicochemical conditions, like temperature, water potential, and the availability of energy for donor and recipient cells are important factors that influenc gene transfer rates in terrestrial and aquatic environments . The intestinal microbial ecosystem is riched with MGEs this making it the arena of a possible for gene exchange . Agricultural animals Humans and are the major consumers of antibiotics that’s for therapeutic, prophylactic, and growth purposes, antibiotics may basically increase the rates of HGT .

The vivo environment may affect the frequency transfer and play an important role to the stable inheritance of MGEs even in the absence of selection by antibiotics . Gut environment can be count as very favorable conditions for HGT. Where, the host provides a continuous inflow of nutrients that maintaining the gut microbe metabolically active ,also where the densities of population are high , that require a mechanisms for cell to cell contact like conjugation. Also , the constant body temperature of homeothermic animals that make bacterial cells to represent the optimal efficiency