Social Constructivism: International Relations Approach

national politics Adam Watson’s Evolution of International Society gave a new dimension in the understanding of international relations (IR). He deeply studied comparatively the formation of international society and political community of the past which has evolved into the modern world system in his ‘Evolution of International Society’. Unlike Kenneth Waltz views of anarchy as the only system in IR, Watson says there are two systems viz. anarchy and hierarchy. In between these systems is the hegemony which defines the contemporary IR.

First, they believe that states are the primary actors in the international system. Second, they assume that the organizing principle of the international system is anarchy, which cannot be mediated by international institutions. Without a central authority, power determines the outcomes of state interactions. Third, states can be treated as if their dominant preference were for power. States seek to maximize their

Another point of view belongs to Ernest Gellner, who studied nationalism in the meantime, saying that "nationality is primarily a political principle that states that political and national unity must be in agreement. " Although most researchers in the field claim that nationalism emerged after the French Revolution, Gellner believes that nationalism is a "sociological necessity in the modern world." Besides these theoretical aspects of nationalism, it can be added that it is of several types. Here are some of these. Civic and / or liberal nationalism

Voltaire understood that a country that is diversified gains more than a country that is isolated and that does not accept differentiation. As a result, Voltaire 's ideas impacted our society today in the United States because the United States constitution allows freedom of speech. While many people to this day are still not tolerant of the other views that people have, a change can be made by teaching others that tolerance allows a person to grow and ultimately strengthens society. The exposure of other cultures also helped the United States to be a more tolerant country. This ideal society is also possible in other countries that do not have as much freedom legally as well by having leaders of countries that have freedom speak with the leaders of countries that do not have as much freedom, since exposure to foreign cultures increases the possibility of tolerance.

Although courts have been relied on for resolutions of law and policies, “economic and political complexities, combined with raised rates of social and technological change have greatly reduced capacity of courts and legislature to deal with continuous pressures for policy change.” Wright. The U.S. constitution is fundamental in defining federalism and the features of intergovernmental relationships in the United States. The essential characteristics that define the Constitution are the creation of a federal system, the state and national government, the allocation of particular functions to the national government, and the representation of

Section A; 1) How does Kenneth Waltz’s idea of ‘capabilities’ differ from Hans Morgenthau’s idea of ‘power’? Does this have any effect on how each view the nature of international politics? Introduction This paper will focus on the main difference of certain points in two theories, idea of “capabilities” by neorealist Kenneth Waltz and idea of “power” by Hans Morgenthau. Both theorists tried to explain how the international system works and how its structure has an influence on the international politics.

Mill’s “harm principle” is based on the principle of utility and how he differentiates action and inaction. By first claiming “I regard utility as the ultimate appeal on all ethical questions; but it must be utility in the largest sense, grounded on the permanent interests of man as a progressive being” (Mill 10), he means that he wants to do the greatest good, thus declaring himself as a utilitarian. Concerning

Based on realists argument, we can assume that the cause of The Cold War were security dilemma, arms race and balance of power. Security dilemma, arms race and balance of power are three different things but they have a connection one to another. These three things happen in a same path. These three things happen continuously and connectively. They happen because of a reason based on the issue that comes up in the international system, and most of the reason is because of the power of the states.

In contrast to earlier writings, geopolitics is now not considered to be a neutral technique or device for viewing the world; instead it is seen as a discourse which can be employed to represent the world in particular ways. Thus, the first and most noteworthy source of critical geopolitics was derived from an investigation of the discourses of geopolitics and international relations. Such a position implies that perceptions of the world are derived from a series of assumptions, rules and convention that are brought to bear by those seeking to explain events and

The basis of Functionalism as a body of thought in International Relations is credited to David Mitrany (1888-1975) (Griffiths, 2013). The theory purports to explain how the international system organizes itself in terms of functions and needs, whereby functional agents provide and prescribe solutions for common needs through the integration process and with the aid of knowledge and expertise. Functionalist thinkers assume that the process of integration takes place within a framework of freedom, that the knowledge and expertise needed are available and that States will not sabotage the process. The theory rejects the idea of power as influencing the proliferation of international organizations as propagated by popular realist though.

The political theory of that states that all interest groups should compete for influence in the government is formally referred to as pluralism. James Madison understood that there will always be a conflict of interests in a society, resulting from factions, and instead of trying to remove the factions, he sought to control their effects. He illustrates how this can be done in his essay, Federalist 10, while he argues in favor of a representative form of government, that includes separated powers. He believed that if there were multiple factions competing for influence, the governments interests would shift from term to term due to the changing factions in office. This type of majority rule is referred to as a Madisonian Majority, which is

Nationalism is defined as a patriotic feeling, principles, or efforts. In the 1800s Nationalism had causes and great effects on europe and Latin America. One cause being the want to have a greater nation. An effect could be a song or a mural done in honor of the nationalism in these great countries. Nationalism caused populations throughout Europe to unite in order to overthrow existing power structures and develop new ones based on liberty and national identity, the causes, for a greater nation as a whole.