Essay About Mitigation
Chapter Two: Literature Review
2.1. Introduction
As it is unsettled burning issue internationally as well as nationally, corruption can be challenged mainly from four sources: from the outside (from the external world), from above (from the rulers themselves), from the inside (from administrative and bureaucratic institutions), and from below (from the civil society, the business community and each citizen alone) Gill (2001). In this chapter, the theoretical and empirical literature reviews that can help the researcher in answering the research objectives and research questions were cited.
2.2. Theoretical Literature Review
This chapter has reviewed literature on causes of corruption and corruption mitigation strategies in customs. It has also discussed the challenges of corruption mitigation tactics. Finally, some limitations on the application of corruption mitigation in customs were also looked into.
2.2.1. Causes of Corruption
As it is cited in Gonfa (2011), the causes of corruption are divided into three categories: cultural, psychological and system-related Voskanyan (2000), and viewed by Leslie (1993, 157).
According to this argument, some acts of corruption may be acceptable mainly due to the traditional political culture in many poor
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It is a complicated issue, often the result of many contingent circumstances, which produce varied and wide-ranging effects. Without limiting the generality of this argument, however, one can cite numerous factors that are widely believed to be the major causes of corruption in Ethiopia, according to Shamebo (2007), are: poor governance, lack of accountability and transparency, low level of democratic culture and tradition, lack of citizen participation, lack of clear regulations and authorization, low level of institutional control, extreme poverty and inequity, harmful cultural practices and centralization of authority and
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