Good points. When diplomacy fails, and a nation does not wish to partake in war, what actions can be taken to avoid sending troops into war? The United States has experienced war many times throughout the nation’s history, and the internal toll that war can be detrimental if not entirely supported by its citizens. Protests, peace movements, political turmoil, decreased support for combat troops and diminished support for the sitting president are some issues, which a war can draw out from the homeland. Covert actions can assist in the avoidance of war by seeking to gain or sway influence or spark actions in other countries. During the Cold War, the United States was caught several times in trying to interfere with the spread of communism through covert means. President John F. Kennedy was looking to rid communism from Cuba, through secret actions leading to the Bay of Pigs incident. President Ronald Regan administration utilized covert operations referred to as the Iran-Contra affair, which the operation helped arm a sworn enemy in Iran, and provide funding for anti-communist rebels in Nicaragua (Clark 2007, 2-5, 11-12). …show more content…
As you mention, George Washington realized the importance of intelligence and that some operations must remain clandestine to remain effective. The majority of presidents have used covert operations for one reason or another (Clark 2007, 3-8). However, due to the significant implications, a discovered covert operation can carry, congressional oversight is now required. Do you think congressional oversight of covert operations is good or does having politicians approve and oversee secret actions create more political issues which can hinder
The foreign policies changed after the Vietnam war; as a consequence of the division in the American society and the lives lost in Vietnam, the Congress passed the War Power Acts that stated that only the Congress can authorize the use of the military, and only in a situation where the country is in danger (Document 7). Many congressmen that served in Vietnam were less likely to use the military without the American people 's support (Document 8), and Americans ' trust in their government was going through a downfall after the Vietnam war. Besides, many Americans didn’t know what they were fighting for when they were being drafted. Therefore, for the U.S. to get involved in other countries ' affairs, would be more
Charles G Cogan wrote explicitly on congressional oversight of covert actions in 1993. A historian, Cogan is an associate of the Belfer Center’s International Security Program at Harvard’s John F Kennedy School of Government. Prior to Harvard, Cogan served as a CIA operative for 37 years, mostly spent overseas, including his term as the CIA Chief in Paris. His practical career with the CIA and his experiences as an academic in International Security give him a degree of authority over activities conducted by the CIA. In his article, Covert Action and Congressional Oversight.
Additionally, there is another example that proves this claim which can be seen through the Vietnam War: This is known as the Gulf of Tonkin. The year 1964 would mark the formal involvement of the U.S. entering the Vietnam War issued by President Lyndon B. Johnson. Having similar ideas like those of the CIA interventions, the U.S. also had intentions of stopping communism from happening in Vietnam. All starting because of two separate attacks on two US Navy destroyers: “U.S.S Maddox and U.S.S Turner Joy” (Gulf of Tonkin Resolution), the Gulf of Tonkin shows how similar to Operation Cyclone and Pearl Harbor it really was to the idea of increasing military supplies based on both threats of communism and threats of attacks, as well as gaining the support of Americans by justifying these threats as “major problems that must be taken care of all in the name of “protecting and serving our nation”.
However, newly released archival materials such as the Venona intercepts show the extent of Communist subversion in pre- and post-war America. There were indeed hundreds of Communists working for Moscow, directly or indirectly, in the United States during the Roosevelt and Truman administrations. The problem that plagued Joe McCarthy was that by the time he surfaced with his accusations in the 1950’s, the key Soviet spy networks had all been closed down. For decades, many people believed that anyone who was accused of being a spy for the Soviets in the '50s was in fact just another innocent victim of the McCarthy’s witch hunt. Although it is true that McCarthy’s witch hunt did ruin the lives of innocent people, the fact is there were witches to be hunted and there had been a threat national security presented by communist spying and subversion in the 1940’s.
In The Cold War, the US and USSR were locked in a race to advance technologies, weapons, and defense to demonstrate which society was more powerful (“Cold War History”). Following World War II, American hysteria concerning Soviet Union infiltration prompted Senator Joseph R. McCarthy and the House Un-American Activities Committee to enact a witch-hunt against possible Communists living in the United
World War II caused many tensions in the world, even in the allied nations. After the war, relations between the United States and the Soviet Union were especially tense. The communistic ideals of the Soviet Union clashed with United States capitalism on many occasions. The Soviets wanted to expand their empire and economy to other areas of the world; the U.S. wanted the opposite. They were determined to keep communism where it is, which brings up the question: how did the U.S. contain communism?
Joseph McCarthy made a list of anyone he or anyone else thought was suspicious of being a communist. The government did this in fear of communists taking over the nation. Americans got in the habit of saving and stocking food and supplies because they didn't know what the future held. Bomb shelters were being made when the fear of the Soviet Union bombing them from not wanting to fall behind the Americans became reality. The Americans didn't want to fall behind the Soviet Union so decided to reduce spending on education to focus on sciences to go to the moon.
The Cold War was a time when The United States not only secured it’s place as an influencer of international affairs, but explored its new standing as a rival to other world leaders. Immediately following World War 2, The USSR and America’s relationship began to dissolve as fundamental differences in basic beliefs for government and military organization became clear, and without a common enemy to unite the two, tension and conflict would separate the superpowers for almost 45 years. The policy of containment, The Truman Doctrine, and NSC-68 would each play a pivotal role in the Unites States stretching its hand of democracy into foreign lands, and using military force against the regimes that began to stand in freedom’s way. Beginning in 1946, the Policy of Containment was proposed by George Kennan in a document now titled, The Long Telegram. He presented his hopes that the United States would attempt to keep communism and regimes within their current borders.
The Cold War had two sides, the United States, and the Soviet Union, both of these countries took measures, including giving money, fighting proxy wars, building a wall, or building missiles to fight for their ideals. Before talking about specific events of the Cold War, it must be understood that there were
The goal for diplomacy is for countries to utilize political discussion to settle their differences and war should be a last resort. While the United States met its target, many were killed and wounded in the effort to support this
Presidential Policies during the Cold War Have you ever wondered about the Cold War or want to learn more about it? According to Ed. Ayers in his book American Anthem a time of high tension and bitter rivalry known between the U.S and Soviet Union following the end of World War II. During the crisis of the Cold War, President Truman and President Eisenhower came up with a policy called containment, while President Kennedy had followed a policy called flexible response. A lot of the Cold War could be considered brinkmanship.
Military Presence From the United States There are many measures we must take and sacrifices we must make to ensure the safety and comfort within our nation, however, sometimes we must look at the precautions we are taking and wonder whether or not our methods are effective, reasonable, or even ethical. Although we need to protect our country, war and a strong military presence create more violence, communication barriers, and havoc than necessary or ideal. In the world today, the United States already has a strong military presence in foreign countries and within the borders of our own, but this often interferes with other political and public affairs and does more harm than good, such as delaying communications between nations and keeping
One thing I think the United States did right during the Cold War would have to be the Marshal plan. This was the American’s plan to help Europe reestablish economic stability. It actually was successful. I think the Americans did good by creating this plan and in turn strengthened their bond with the European countries.
The United States did not get everything their way in the post war era though. The effectiveness of the Marshall plan was dependent on whether or not the Soviets were deterred by the United States’s threats. In 1949 the Soviet Union detonated a fission bomb and threatened America’s status as the leaders of the arms race. Also, there were cases of Communist espionage that came to light in
Booom!!! The noise from the 88mm Flak guns explode as we near our bombing point. The usually gets stronger as we near our point. Our pilot tells us to brace as it gets stronger. Just as we did every other time.