Key Bank Risks
There are several bank risks and literature concludes that the risks associated with the provision of banking services differ by the type of service rendered. Different authors like () have grouped these risks in various ways to develop the frameworks for their analyses but the common ones which are considered in this study are credit risk, market risks (which includes liquidity risk, interest rate risk and foreign exchange risk), operational risks which sometimes include legal risk, and more recently, strategic risk.
2.4.1 Credit Risk
Greuning and Bratanovic (2009) define credit risk as ‘the chance that a debtor or issuer of a financial instrument— whether an individual, a company, or a country— will not repay principal and
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As a matter of fact, a bank uses a credit or lending policy to outline the scope and allocation of a bank‘s credit facilities and the manner in which a credit portfolio is managed—that is, how investment and financing assets are originated, appraised, supervised and collected (). There are also minimal standards set by regulators for managing credit risk. These standards cover the identification of existing and potential risks, the definition of policies that express the bank‘s risk management philosophy, and the setting of parameters within which credit risk will be controlled. There are three kinds of policies related to credit risk management. The first set aims to limit or reduce credit risk, which include policies on concentration and large exposures, diversification, lending to connected parties, and overexposure. The second set aims at classifying assets by mandating periodic evaluation of the collectability of the portfolio of credit instruments. Lastly, the third set of policies aims to make provision for loss or make allowances at a level adequate to absorb anticipated loss …show more content…
Santomero (1995) however, posits that there is the need to assess liquidity risk potential for funding crisis. An effective liquidity risk management will help ensure a bank's ability to meet cash flow obligations, which are uncertain as they are affected by external events and other agents' behaviour. Furthermore, the Basel Committee (2008) asserts that the fundamental role of banks in the maturity transformation of short-term deposits into long-term loans makes banks inherently vulnerable to liquidity risk, both of an institution-specific nature and that which affects markets as a whole. A liquidity deficit in a single bank can have system-wide consequences and hence, liquidity risk management is of importance to both the regulators and the industry players. Notably, the price of liquidity is a function of market conditions and the market‘s perception of the inherent riskiness of the borrowing institution (Greuning and Bratanovic, 2009). Other studies conclude that financial market developments in the past decade have increased the complexity of liquidity risk and its
Critical Element 1: TITLE: Cash Verification (CV) Financial Reviews S: Conduct and complete mandated CV reviews on negotiable instruments and other assets to ensure sound financial management. Provide advice, education and training to appointed collection agents and departments to ensure fund management efficiency/effectiveness, ensuring strong internal management controls are practiced. M: Conduct 24 reviews; prepare reports, ensure RM is briefed and afforded an opportunity to respond to report results; report results to the CO in a timely manner; follow-up on any reported findings in subsequent reviews.
Pension Plans By Tay’veun Glenn Introduction Pensions are known as a retirement account that most employers maintain to give employees who have stayed with the company a payout upon retirement. Most employers give recipients of pension accounts a choice between a lump-sum payment or monthly annuity payments that are based upon the amount of time that the employee worked and their final salary prior to leaving the company. There are different types of pension plans and the use of each one is dependent on the employer. The Governmental Accounting Standards Board and Financial Accounting Standards Board both have to report pensions and have designated different ways to account for it.
Beginning with bank reform, the New Dealers were able to maintain oversight in the banking industry, which had previously been an unregulated and unpredictable source of capital. The Glass-Steagal Act and the Emergency Banking Act signaled a shift from a lassiez faire approach to the banking industry to one that ensured banks were making responsible loans and not gambling with depositor’s savings in the stock market. By not allowing banks who were considered “irresponsible’ to reopen and separating the savings and investment functions of the banks, a more secure system began to emerge. The impact of this legislation was immediate, as bank failures dropped dramatically. Additionally, major breakdowns in the banking industry were avoided until fairly recently, which came as a result of the repeal of Glass-Steagal.
A rating 1 indicates the highest rating that requires the least supervisory control, also indicating the highly satisfactory performance and risk management practices of the bank relating to the bank’s size, nature complex, and risk profile. Whereas the rating 5 is the lowest rating that requires the highest supervisory control and also indicating the critically deficient level of Bank Supervision Process Comptroller’s Handbook performance and insufficient risk management methods relative to the institution’s size, nature , complexity, and risk profile. Specialty Area Ratings are assigned for the specialty areas
Third, in a summary, we also need to maintain
The banking controversy of the 1830’s became known as The Bank War. It was a campaign started by Andrew Jackson in 1833 to destroy the Second Bank of the United States. He believed that his opposition to the bank had won him national support during his reelection campaign. The Second Bank had been created in 1816 as a successor to the First Bank, whose charter had previously expired. The Second Bank was chartered only for a term of twenty years due to the concerns of many people in Congress.
Ensure that the property, plant and equipment exist and are genuine assets of the business and are beneficially owned by the business and any restrictions, pledges or liens on the property, plant and equipment are identified and adequately disclosed in the financial statements. At the same time, have to prepare fixed assets schedule as to attachment for this section. Test the mathematical accuracy, agree opening balances to prior period working papers and agree closing balances to the nominal ledger and investment ledger where maintained. Vouch against invoices, contract notes, and agreements for any additions or disposals in order to ensure that all property, plant and equipment are included in the balance sheet and gains or losses on realization of property, plant and equipment are correctly stated. In additions, ensure the property, plant and equipment are properly disclosed and
This asset mix has a mean cost per employed person of 794. The CTE(90) is 879 which is within the “10% deviation from mean” boundaries the proposed requirement set. In the event of adverse market, we need to put more conservatism into our consideration. It is expected that more outcomes will occur close to the worst scenarios we have tested. Therefore, for the adverse market, we should choose CTE(95) as we weighted more heavily on the 5% worst scenarios.
In order to identify red flags for risk management from various financial risk ratios, models, and traditional ratios for Bear Stearns and Lehman Brothers, we list our calculation results below. Based on our calculation, Bear Stearns got 15 red flags, which occupied 68% of total red flags, while Lehman Brothers 12 red flags, occupying 55% of total red flags. These two numbers were high even compared with other investment banks, and companies committed fraudulent activities. In summary, both Lehman Brothers and Bear had high possibility of going bankruptcy.
I would frame the banking as an industry that is built on trust. Trust that is reaffirmed by the governments, and regulators. Banks have an imperative role in our economic growth, and development. Correspondingly, without the bank industry, there is no industry to replace them as the conduit for social and economic policy. Equally important, there is no industry to replace them as the key performer in creating our economies multiplier effect.
2.0 SITUATION ANALYSIS Below are Malaysian banking industry’s external environment assessment using Porter’s 5 Forces Analysis. For the purpose of this assessment, 3 top-in-the-league existing domestic banking groups in terms of asset size have been chosen i.e. Maybank, CIMB, and PublicBank. All 8 domestic banking groups have operations in all the 3 segments of banking businesses namely Commercial, Islamic, and Investment bank. Upon analyzing and assessing their immediate surroundings, the banking groups recognize the following important factors that would impact on their competitiveness. THREAT OF RIVALRY AMONG EXISTING BANKS • Too many players in the industry; Each banking group has to contend with 7 other domestic banking groups and 30 other banking intermediaries both local and foreign, comprising 19 Commercial, 8 Islamic, and 3 Investment banks.
In matters of confidentiality, Banking is risky due to the highly sensitive nature of information which is often exchanged, recorded and retained. The purpose of this article is to discuss the clash of confidentiality and disclosure in the banking sector across the globe. The Black’s Law Dictionary defines confidentiality as secrecy or the state of having the dissemination of certain information restricted. Breach of confidentiality, then, refers, to the violation of this trust that has been placed in another in a fiduciary relationship, in this case bank and their customers.
Self -Reflection on Module 8.2a Financial Management Before the commencement of the sub-module 8.2, we were supposed to choice either 8.2a (Financial Management) or 8.2b (Investing Social Security Reserves), because the sub-module is divided into two. I have decided to take the sub-module 8.2a, and during online VC sessions, I have had gained some basic knowledge from this subject (Financial Management). For me, this is the first time I had chance to learn about the subject, before that I have just heard some information about financial management only from a friend who studied Accounting and working as Auditor at Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA) consultancy in Ethiopia. From the beginning I am so much eager and impressed
1- Investment decision 2- Financing decision, 3- Assets Management decision.
Exposure to credit risk is managed in part by obtaining collateral and corporate and personal guarantees. Counterparty limits are established by the use of a credit classification system, which assigns each counterparty a risk rating. Risk ratings are subject to regular revision. Liquidity Risk Liquidity risk is the risk that the company is unable to meet its payment obligations associated with its financial liabilities when they hall due and to replace funds when they are withdrawn. GK’s liquidity management process, as carried out within the Group through the ALCOs and treasury departments includes: o Monitoring future cash flows and liquidity on a daily basis o Maintaining a portfolio of highly marketable and diverse assets that can easily be liquidated as protection against any unforeseen interruption to cash flow o Maintaining committed lines of credit Currency Risk Currency risk is the risk that the fair value or future cash flows of a financial instrument will fluctuate because of changes in foreign exchange rates.