Abstract – A crime is act that violates a law which results in a punishment. Crime hotspot prediction is used to find areas on a map which have high crime intensity. The crime hotspot prediction uses the past data of crime which includes the area with crime rate and predict the future location with high crime intensity. It is required to raise people’s awareness regarding the dangerous location in certain time period. It can help for police resource allocation to create a safe environment. Here the survey of different types of data mining techniques presents for crime hotspot prediction.
Keywords – Data mining; crime hotspot; prediction; accuracy;
I) INTRODUCTION
Crime is a well-known social problem that affecting the quality of life and the economic development of a society. Crime is classically unpredictable [4]. The occurrence of crime has been related to a variety of socio-economic and crime opportunity factors, such as population density, economic investment and arrest rate.
Crime usually has spatial and temporal characteristics related to the population, environment, economic factors, politics, and social events. One of the most effective temporal-spatial analysis for the understanding of the implicit relationships among
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The following approach is: The data used for this research was taken from a variety of city agencies. Each data contains the type of event, the location in longitude and latitude, and the time and date of the incident. This data was classified from different classification techniques. The area which have the crime rate above the predefined rate are positive or members of hotspot class and area with crime rate below the predefined rate are negative or non-members of hotspot class. Then this labelled data set will be used as the training set in SVM classification. The technique gives good results in most cases but it is computationally expensive so it runs
Crime itself is an innate part of society, some may view it as a necessary component in one's society. New York city has had a history of high crime rates at one time. In the article, “How New York won the War on Crime” by Steve Chapman, the author discuss how New York City during the 1960s to the 1980s was viewed as “chaotic”, and mentioned that in 1984 there were at least “5 murders a day”. However, New York City now is not the same one it was during that time. The NYPD website provides a graph describing the crime rates and population growth in New York City between 1990s to to 2014.
Introduction The top two and most commonly used programs for reporting and tracking crime statistics in the United States are the Uniform Crime Reports, UCR, program and the National Incident-Based Reporting System, NIBRS, program. Each program contains data from crimes and incidents that is tracked, analyzed, and reported by different law enforcement agencies from the reported incidents. While the UCR is the most commonly used, many law enforcement agencies are working towards shifting to full participation of NIBRS. Both programs use similar methodology to create reports of their crime based statistics, but still contain varying differences.
For this reason, Spelman seeks to test the remaining methods in order to determine the most appropriate specification for the crime equation. The crime rate data Spelman uses is the data set originally constructed by Marvell and Moody in 1994 (Spelman, 2008, p. 153). The data set is quantitative in nature and consists of violent crimes which include homicide, forcible rape,
This book by John Douglas is a great teaching tool for criminal justice classes. John Douglas discuss’s how he profiles, what he is looking for and what specific details play an important role. Profiling is an essential tool to crime analysis. Through behavior they are able to predict the suspects next moves.
The first factor that can influence crime in adjoining neighborhoods is economic opportunity. Authors Drummond, Bolland and Harris talk about how socially structured neighborhoods lean on parental networks, law enforcement and order (2011). With this type of structure often positive reinforcements come with teaching conflict resolution which decreases violence. This structure does not exist in
Environmental Design is a key aspect of helping prevent crimes Crime prevention through environmental design is a problem-solving approach to crime prevention. According to Peak (2015), crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) is defined as “proper design and effective use of the environment that can lead to a reduction in the fear and incidence of crime, and an improvement in the quality of life” (p. 111). The technique of CPTED often asks the two same questions, what makes this location a risk for people, and what lead to the opportunity for crime to happen here (Zahm, 2007)? Crime prevention through
Obviously, implementations acute to that time may prove their great use only under condition of a new information system solution, that is, online availability of information about crimes. Thus, the time per information processing shortens, while productivity is on the increase. One way or another, being abreast of the time, the National Crime Victims Survey is able to advance its efficiency for crimes
The crime index is mainly made up of property crimes. The interpretation of UCR statistics and lastly demographic shift may cause an impact on crime rates. The UCR calculates
One factor is immigration, which restrains crime. Unemployment is another factor, as crime rates increase with a rise in unemployment levels. Other factors include age structure, abortion, drug use, gangs, gun availability, and mental health treatment availability. 3. High rates of social disorganization and poverty levels can cause crime rates to increase as well.
Researchers have invested decades worth of time and data, attempting to answer the question of what causes crime. The study of criminological theory contains a great number of explanations, focused on discovering why exactly, crime occurs. Whether causations are biological, psychological, or sociological in nature, theory has lead us closer to answering the question of why crime happens. Perhaps causations are best explained using hybrid explanations that include a little bit of everything.
There are many phenomena that could cause or correlate with crime. In addition to this, there are many characteristics to these phenomena that cause/correlate with criminal behavior. Furthermore, these characteristics can be individual, sociological, or both that could have an effect on criminal behavior. This paper will take the educational avenue on crime.
This essay will discuss crime as both a social problem and a sociological problem. Crime is seen as a typical function of society. Crime doesn’t happen without society. It is created and determined by the surrounding society. According to the CSO, the number of dangerous and negligent acts committed between the years of 2008 and 2012 rose from 238’000 in 2008 to 257’000 in 2012.
Stake holders can benefit from crime mapping by receiving real time security updates of local areas, assisting basic threat assessments to determine where significant risks are most prominent and, will support local intelligence agencies in understanding risk locations. However, permitting crime mapping as an open source research tool can also be a disadvantage. Open source allows every member of the public access including adversaries. I feel the biggest victims of crime mapping will be local businesses, police forces and the general
Every day on the news there are all kinds of reports. Crime reports are a major part of today's events. Almost every day there are posts about crimes. The level of crime has risen immensely in every corner of the world. People have tried to understand the causes of crime, but if we look around the world we can see that many of the crimes are caused by people who abuse drugs and alcohol, people who think negatively towards others, and poverty.