Bottom-up critiques view local bureaucrats as the main actors in policy delivery and conceive of implementation as negotiation processes within networks of implementers (Handbook of Public Policy Analysis, Ch7, p90). In addition, bottom-up theorists claim that if main actors, local bureaucratic, are not allowed preference in the implementation stage with respect to local condition state, thus the policy will be likely to face its failure (Matland, 1995, 148). The classical bottom-up researchers are: The American researchers Lipsky (1971, 1980) and Elmore (1980) besides Swedish scholar Hjern (1982), also in cooperation with other authors such Porter and Hull. Lipsky (1971, 1980) analyzed the behavior of public service workers (e.g., teachers, social workers, police officers, doctors), which he called “street-level bureaucrats.”. Correspondingly, goals, strategies, objectives, and activities must be allocated with special recognition to the beneficiaries that policy directly impacts.
Furthermore, it has been argued by several authors that Foucault derails from his initial project, which was to “do a course on biopolitics” (Foucault 1979, 21), and gets stuck in a quasi-romance with neoliberalism. I would like to explore my intuition that these claims are mistaken. Unlike Becker, I think it is necessary to explore Foucault’s oeuvre to understand if he has any normative stance on a certain system of thought. I shall also like to show that biopolitics is in fact exercised in neoliberal governance, even though the word is rarely used, in the shape of ‘human capital’. Secondly, through
1), will be done for further understanding of the points and how it relates to its design. Critical regionalism was first introduced as an architectural concept by Alex Tzonis and Liliane Lefaive and later by Kenneth Frampton. According to Frampton, the strategy of critical regionalism is “to mediate the impact of universal civilisation with elements derived indirectly from the peculiarities of a particular place” (Frampton 1983: 21). The role of critical regionalism is to create a form of resistance to certain methods of architecture like “normative, universal standards, practices, forms, and technological and economic conditions” (Eggener 2002: 395). Critical regionalism is difficult to define
Enric is best known for his experimental regionalist style due to his attempt at blending traditions with a modernist twist. This paper is to re-evaluate Enric’s architecture and show how regionalist interpretations of his work within ‘regionalism’. I want to show how his work has been inhibited by a form of thinking within modernity. Critics have failed to
The novels are seen as a warning sign for future generations about the consequences of technology, science, uncontrolled power and how these factors lead to a lack of individualism. 1984 focuses on the uncontrolled power of the state that
Similarly, with limitation, a building may reference an organic form yet may show-case none of the positive attributes of physical innovation or extension of architectural technology. Alternatively, a building may emulate function with esteem to structure, mechanical or circulatory systems resulting from inquiries into natural principles of design and construction. This report aims to focus on the latter, where the architecture springs from or exploits the biological science it develops inspiration from. The ambition of sustainable architecture is to triumph in the built environment the symbiotic relationship and metabolic balance characteristic to the natural environment allowing the environment to be sustained for generations to
What should we mean? United States national security policy in the 1980s, construed national security in classic terms-the defense of national territory and welfare against external threats, especially threats of military or quasi-military attack. In the post-Cold War 1990s, the field of environmental security studies led the Department of Defense, the State Department, NATO, and others to redefine U.S. national security interests to embrace threats from environmental degradation and chaos in foreign lands leading to migration, disruption of economic activities, and the like. Under the influence of this thinking, the official U.S. national security strategy moved to preventive security by taking measures "to prevent the conditions for conflict and help to create the conditions for
Mixed Methods – Transformative Design Introduction: Transformative philosophy has been around since the 1980s and 1990s, it arose from individuals who believed that the postpositivist assumptions imposed structural theories that did not fit marginalized people in our society, transformative research is defined as that which “transforms” or causes a major change in thought patterns. It is also one of the philosophies that considered in mixed methods. Historically, the transformative writers have drawn on the work of Marx, Adorno, Marcuse, Habermas, and Freire. The mixed methods design can essentially be any of the formats of the other mixed methods for design, but what differentiates it here, is that it has a transformative framework, so all
Leary, Chulmari P.|2013057836|4POL1|October 10, 2016 Over the time of the Cold War, both the United States and the Soviet Union built up a comprehension of deterrence and its role in preventing war with each other. With the end of the Cold War and the spread of weapon of mass destruction, deterrence goes up against multinational dimension whilst many advocated the idea of nuclear disarmament. The post-Cold War era adopted liberal ideas in dealing with conflicts which makes international environment different for it adjusts with the evolving society. As condition tends to shift, the significance and role of deterrence today has also changed whereby academicians assert that deterrence may no longer be a feasible strategy. Hence, this paper aims
The environmental philosophies – born as thoughts about the relation between mankind and nature – have found an unconscious and involuntary application in the construction sector. In the following there is a brief and non-exhaustive description of some of the most significant environmental philosophies and their transposition to the building sector. […] Since Plato times philosophers started dealing with the environmental issues. However, just in the XIX century their role became crucial due to the necessity of a wise utilization of the natural resources. This new kind of awareness gave rise to “The Ethic of the Earth” and “The Principle of the Conservation” by Pinchot, and later, in 1960, to one of the environmental manifestos: “Silent Spring”