Plant growth parameters
As shown in Fig. 1, increasing NaCl concentrations significantly reduced the growth traits (plant length, number of leaves, fresh and dry weights of shoots and roots, and leaf area) of cucumber plants to reach their lowest values at 100 mM of NaCl, compared to the non-salt-stressed control. Under non-saline conditions, foliar application of salicylic acid or proline significantly enhanced the above mentioned parameters compared with water-sprayed plants and no significant difference was shown between glycine betaine and water sprayings. Under 50 mM NaCl stress, exogenous applications of salicylic acid, proline, or glycine betaine mitigated significantly the negative effects of NaCl salt on these parameters. However, there were no significant differences between plants sprayed with glycine betaine or water under 100 mM of NaCl. Salicylic acid was the most effective in alleviating the negative effects of the salt stress followed by proline and by glycine betaine.
Chlorophyll content
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2). Under non-saline conditions, salicylic acid, proline, or glycine betaine significantly enhanced chlorophyll contents compared to the water-sprayed plants. The highest significant values were obtained with salicylic acid followed by proline. Under NaCl stresses, foliar applications of salicylic acid, proline, or glycine betaine ameliorated the adverse effects of NaCl salt on chlorophyll (a, b and total) contents. Salicylic acid was the most effective in ameliorating the adverse effects of NaCl stress followed by proline and by glycine
Hypothesis: If one-day pinto bean seedlings are soaked in a water solution, 1% NaCl solution, and 3% NaCl solution, the seedlings exposed to higher sodium concentrations will have decreased cellular respiration rates. Treatments: This experiment involved three treatments and a control. The goal of the experiment was to see how different levels of NaCl affect the rates of cellular respiration in day-old pinto bean seedlings.
Pain Project I was talking to Mrs. Salvador and we were talking about natural remedies she mentioned how a potato has a lot of medicinal properties including reducing inflammation and that when used as a poultice can be used to treat inhibit infection, and inflammation, as well as a slight pain relief of soars and burns. She also told me a story about how there was a missionary that she knew who was in the mission felid and a patient came in whose whole body was covered in burns and wounds. The doctors told them that she was going to die but they didn't give up. They made potato poultices out of 100 pounds of potato and changed it every four hours. And that person walked away from those burns alive, and with minimal scaring.
Describe and give an example of diffusion Diffusion is when molecules moving freely through the space, it requires no energy. An example is when someone sprays a febreze in an area then the molecules slowly spread in the area. Which solution caused the egg to have the most mass? The least?
You wish to substitute the bromine in the following molecules with a nucleophile. Explain whether the given molecule would react by S_N 1 or S_N 2 mechanism and explain why. 1-methyl-1-bromo-cyclohexane: S_N 1 mechanism because after Br leaves (leaving group departure) then it is a tertiary carbocation which is favored more in this type of mechanism. 1-bromopropane: This would react by S_N 2 mechanism because it is a primary alkyl halide, which undergo this type of mechanism.
The goal of the experiment is to synthesize a bromohexane compound from 1-hexene and HBr(aq) under reflux conditions and use the silver nitrate and sodium iodide tests to determine if the product is a primary or secondary hydrocarbon. The heterogeneous reaction mixture contains 1-hexene, 48% HBr(aq), and tetrabutylammonium bromide and was heated to under reflux conditions. Heating under reflux means that the reaction mixture is heated at its boiling point so that the reaction can proceed at a faster rate. The attached reflux condenser allows volatile substances to return to the reaction flask so that no material is lost. Since alkenes are immiscible with concentrated HBr, tetrabutylammonium bromide is used as a phase-transfer catalyst.
Introduction: Enzymes are needed for survival in any living system and they control cellular reactions. Enzymes speed up chemical reactions by lowering the energy needed for molecules to begin reacting with each other. They do this by forming an enzyme-substrate complex that reduces energy that is required for a specific reaction to occur. Enzymes determine their functions by their shape and structure. Enzymes are made of amino acids, it 's made of anywhere from a hundred to a million amino acids, each they are bonded to other chemical bonds.
Enzymes are proteins that significantly speed up the rate of chemical reactions that take place within cells. Some enzymes help to break large molecules into smaller pieces that are more easily absorbed by the body. Other enzymes help bind two molecules together to produce a new molecule. Enzymes are selective catalysts, meaning that each enzyme only speeds up a specific reaction. The molecules that an enzyme works with are called substrates.
Explain the relationship between the ionisation of amino acids and pH |Structural diagram of the neutral structure| |Structural diagram of positively charged structure| |Structural diagram of negatively charged structure| Explain how the form of an amino acid, whether positively charged, negatively charged or neutral, depends of the pH of the solution ? If you increase the pH of a solution of an amino acid by adding hydroxide ions, if this is done then the hydrogen ions will then be removed from the -NH3+group . . To test if it is now a negative ion a process called electrophoresis.although it is colourless its position can be detected using ninhydrin. If the amino acid has dried and then heated gently it would appear as
Chem 51LB Report Ngoc Tran - Student ID # 72048507 The purpose of this lab is to examine the composition of three components of gas products of elimination reaction under acidic condition by conducting the dehydration of primary and secondary alcohol, and under basic condition by conducting the base-induced dehydrobromination of 1-bromobutane and 2-bromobutane. Then gas chromatography is used to analyze the composition of the product mixtures. Gas chromatography (mobile phase) is used to analyze the composition of three components of the gas products. A syringe needle with gas product is injected into the machine, and the component is eluted and the composition is related to the column or the peaks.
However, after investigation through gel electrophoresis, the three kinds of plants were not identical. This relates to the
The plants with 200 ml topsoil were projected to have the highest average height according to the original hypothesis of increased plant growth due to an increase on the amount of topsoil added. Moreover, the original hypothesis was refuted as the plants with no topsoil in the control had a higher average height than the plants with 25 ml topsoil. The mixed red and green color on the leaves of the plants with 25 ml topsoil indicated possible deficiencies in phosphorus which might have slowed their growth. Moreover, the mixed red and green color on the leaves of the plants in both 100 ml and 200 ml topsoil also indicated a possible phosphorus deficiency which may have resulted in the slower growth of the plants despite having greater amounts of topsoil. The experimental results might have skewed due to the over fertilization of the radish seeds which might have led to excess nutrient levels which are unsuitable for radish plants as they require little to no fertilization for growth (Chase, 2018).
Leaves containing water-soluble elements were boiled and turned from the solid phase into the liquid phase, boiling water. The calcium carbonate was added to form insoluble calcium salts with the tannins and gallic acid so that after vacuum filtration they would be removed. The sodium chloride salt was added after the vacuum filtration in order to raise the polarity of the water, making less amount of molecules soluble in it. This is because the salt takes the part of the space in water and many compounds become insoluble and are pushed out by the salt.
Introduction: In this task I will be researching the effect that acid rain has on the rate of plant growth. Acid rain is any type of precipitation with a high pH, with high levels of nitric acids. The reason why I had chosen this topic was because acid rain seems to have a great effect on the effect of plant growth, and plants play a very important role in our ecosystem. Acid rain is a major problem in our environment when we are not able to neutralize the acidity.
Introduction Buffer is a solution that resists a change in pH when bases or acid are added. Solutions that are acidic contain high concentrations of hydrogen ions (H+) and have pH values less than seven. Buffer usually consist of a weak acid, and its conjugate base or a weak base and its conjugate acid. The function of buffer is to resist the changes in hydrogen ion concentration as a result of internal and environmental factor. This buffer experiment is important so that we relies the important of buffer in our life.
Introduction Plants are a major necessity in the balance of nature, people’s lives, and our terrain. We may not realize it, but plants are the ultimate source of food for almost 95% of the world population so says the National Group of Food. It’s a fact that over 7,000 species of plants are being consumed today. Plants are one of the reasons that we get clean water; as they help regulate the water cycle.