Choon Ling, Kai H. Lim, Kwok Leung, Matthew K. O. Lee, Wayne Wei Huang UdayKumar Rallabandi
In these article authors explain that, to increase the customer trust among the website for shopping the cultural characteristics of particular website plays an important role. Australia and Hong Kong are the two research sites authors conducted their surveys. Trust is considered to be critical for internet shopping. Cultural difference among different people could also affect the trust on internet shopping. The two web strategies authors mentioned are reputable website affiliation and customer endorsement.
Reputable website affiliation
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H2: the positive impact of peer customer endorsement is more effective on collectivism compared to individualism.
Individualism is defined as the needs, goals and values of particular individuals to overcome on groups. It can be viewed in both in-group and out-group.
Collectivism has more positive attitude on trusting people. It can be done more in-group members.
Individualism and collectivism are defined as “deep structure” for cultural difference among customers.
PLS (partial least squares) is a second generation tool used to do research and build trust on customers. The tool used is PLS-GRAPH.
The demographics shows that the male percentage in Australia is more when compared to Hong Kong (73% in AUS and 47% in HK) and female percentage is more in Hong Kong compared to Australia is less (HK is 53% and AUS is 27%).
In this article, the authors implemented the path comparison technique to find out the trust and the belief on internet shopping among the different cultural customers in Hong Kong and Australia countries.
The limitations and the future research used by authors are: homogenous subjects, past research papers, web strategies, research on cultural impact
Australia and China are two very different countries with an almost polar opposite government structure, political systems and values. Australia is a constitutional monarchy whereas China is a single communist party state. It is arguable as to which system of government is more effective, considering it is involves other factors like social freedom, the quality of life and the economy. But comparing hand in hand, Australia’s system of government has proven to be more effective in all of these areas. Australia and China have many similarities yet differ greatly in political structure.
During the Renaissance, Europeans rediscovered the ideas of the Greeks and Romans, including the individualist, humanist,and rationalist beliefs. Prior to the 1300’s, it was human nature to have a life revolved around the Church. When the Rebirth started in Italy, people started valuing education, art and writing, a secular life rather than one ruled by religion. However, not all non religious people had the same philosophies on life. Many Renaissance Thinkers believed in individualism, humanism, and rationalism.
Intuitively, the researchers claimed that collectivistic cultures tend to give higher ratings per se although they mean only a medium level). This will inevitably lead to a distortion of the results. Thirdly, the researchers made use of Hofstede’s national culture model to classify a country’s level of individualism and collectivism. Hofstede’s study was based on a study of one company (IBM).
Individualism is the principle of being independent and self-reliant. He believes that he, himself, matters individually, not just the group as a
Rules, some people follow them, others do not. Many people ask why these rules exist, or what they even mean. In Anthem, the rules of their society were created to assure that society would not have another catastrophe, like the one before the Unmentionable Times, when the Evil Ones wreaked havoc on the World, destroying everything in their path. Many of these rules limit one 's capabilities to think independently. Failure to follow these rules result in harsh punishment.
Individualism and collectivism are on opposite sides of the fence, so to speak. Individualistic cultures have an independent view of themselves and consider themselves separate from others. On the other hand, people from collectivistic cultures view themselves as being connected to others. Collectivism involves cohesion while individualist societies are those societies that have weak connections between individuals. In such societies, individuals are expected to focus on themselves or their immediate loved ones.
Individualism versus Collectivism: This element of Hofstede’s cultural dimensions describes if the primary function of a person in a society is more being an individual or part of the group of a society. In individualistic societies people follow their own interest very strictly and are relatively loose on societal morals. Competition in these societies is normal, the ideology exists that people who compete the best are rewarded financially. Examples for strong individual societies are: Canada, Australia and the United States.
collectivism. Most of the excerpt provided explains the reasons and thoughts behind ideas such as altruism. “Egoism was held to mean the sacrifice of others to self. Altruism- the sacrifice of self to others.”
Interactionists believe that our behaviour stems from how individuals react to situations, how they are interpreted and how individuals see themselves in relation to other people in their social group. Interactionists believe that individuals are influenced but also have the power to choose how they behave and create their own roles. A criticism of interactionism is that it fails to look at the bigger picture, interactionists may overlook the bigger issues of society. Collectivism: ‘Collectivism is a political theory associated with communism. It is the idea that people should prioritise the good of society over the welfare of the individual.’
Collectivism is when there’s total social and environmental control in a society and no one is allowed chose for them self. Individualism is when one has to chose to do something by him or herself. Throughout the novel Anthem, the allegory of the battle between collectivism and individualism is a huge part of Equality’s life. Collectivism is a part of the novel Anthem based on how humans interact with one another and the
What are the differences between the lifestyles and laws in China and Australia? Currently, studying abroad has become more and more common and popular in China. The number of Chinese international students who student in Australia rose sharply from approximately 15 thousands to 150 thousands from 2010 to 2013 (Studies In Australia, n.d.) (Kemp, 2000).
Hong Kong is a part of China, but this two places have different and contrast of the culture nature. Hong Kong, the culture can be described as a foundation that began with China, and then became more influenced by British colonialism. Therefore, Hong Kong develop an identity of as its own, a unique and fusion of Chinese and Western cultures. China, the culture of the People 's Republic of China is an ample and sundry mix of traditional was influenced by Chinese culture with communist and other international modern and post-modern.
The references used in this study will be used to build knowledge on the subject, and to identify
Online shopping has nowadays become a widely spread way of shopping among people on different continents and in different countries. Its popularity is constantly on the rise considering the spread of Internet technologies and the increasing share of online shops in the retailing business. Online shopping activities are gaining wide spread as far as they tend to provide the consumers with numerous benefits and increase the convenience of buying without leaving the house. The popularity of online shopping grows due to a range of reasons, including its convenience as well as time- and money-saving potential.
More and more people these days prefer online shopping than shopping in malls because of so many advantages and benefits. People from all over the world have accepted online shopping sites because of the convenience provided like from shopping in their pyjamas to convenience for elderly and disabled. Not only this, online shopping sites also provides a wider choice of products, avoiding upselling or impulse buying, better prices, good for the environment, and