Cultural Theorists Münkler Empires Summary

The main themes of Before European Hegemony revolve around the many aspects of trade, disastrous events, and the many pivotal events and advancements which changed the course of the many rival nations within the era preceding total European dominance. Before European hegemony is a very thorough book, providing insights into the inner workings of several empires in the thirteenth century.The theme of missteps and misfortune among these earlier nations enables Abu-Lughod’s idea of European dominance with the thirteenth century to be solidified and supplemented with validity, with Abu-Lughod providing a flowing narrative of historical events which permitted Europe to take its place as . Abu-Lughod investigations and observations into the economics

The 1st and 2nd centuries B.C.E. were an influential tipping point in history. Obviously there lies a reason why this is the time in history where we move into the common era. A growing dissatisfaction around the world on how empires ruled led to some large, influential administrations falling. Some groups that entered the power vacuum include the Han Dynasty in China and the emergence of an imperial Rome. The imperial administrations of Han China (206 B.C.E.- 220 C.E.) and imperial Rome (31 B.C.E.-476 C.E.) had similar set-up bureaucracies and saw their downfall through their alike policies, however their method to define society differed.

Throughout history, many impactful and memorable empires have arisen. Each empire has its own defining traits that lead to its success or demise. Some empires are very similar, while some posses many different traits. And although some can possess the same quality, their implication and utilization of that quality can create many gaps in the empire’s overall similarity to the other. Two powerful and historically important empires are the Ottoman empire, and the Mughal empire. The two empires share many traits, but they also differ in many ways. However, although similar, the Ottoman empire and Mughal empire are fundamentally different because of their view on religious tolerance, utilization of military successes, and women’s rights.

The early modern era was a time when empires thrived across the globe. The Western Europeans were not the only ones to construct successful empires either. The Russian, Chinese, Mughal, and Ottoman empires added to this phenomenon. Although these empires share many similarities, they also have their differences. During the time, 1450 CE -1750 CE, European empires in the Americas and their Russian, Chinese, Mughal, and Ottoman counterparts are similar in that they all thrived and united diverse peoples and different in that European empires developed something entirely new, an interacting Atlantic World, while the other empires continued older patterns of historical development.

Today I will be comparing and contrasting two major early empire’s we learned about in Chapter two that are located in Southwest Asia. The three empires include the Persiansand the Assyrians Empires. These empires have many similarities and differences that we will be talking about today.

At the start of the early-modern period of European history, feudalism was dying, and countries looked to strong, centralized governments for leadership. The popular political theory to address this new development was absolutism. Absolute monarchs reduced the power of nobles in order to consolidate the nation’s leadership under one banner. During the 17th and 18th centuries, Europe’s political landscape was dominated by this form of government. Monarchy was seen by the early modern Europeans as the best form of government for a variety of reasons. It held religious justifications, followed the natural order of authority, and brought great wealth and power to its nation.

The essence of John J. Mearsheimer’s “Anarchy and the Struggle for Power” relies on the argument that great powers have been and will continue to be in a perpetual struggle for dominance. Mearsheimer conveys that the need hegemony is not only omnipresent but also inescapable. His rationale is delineated through five assumptions:

Europe’s insatiable capitalist quest led to its conquest of many parts of the world, including the Caribbean island and mainland states. The process started with the ‘discovery’ of the West Indies in the late 15th Century by Christopher Columbus, and continued through the Triangular or Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade. The need for land for the extension of Europe’s value-added assets resulted in colonisation of the West Indies, while the need for labour to till the soil led to slavery. Colonisation and slavery, therefore, are agents of capitalism. Imperialism is considered the plateau or highest point of capitalism, for imperialism is the conquest of lands and peoples for the imperialist regime’s extension of power and influence.

The Ottoman empire was formed in the area known as modern day Turkey by Turkic warrior groups in the early 1300s, and it lasted until after World War I in the 1920s. The Ottoman Empire’s continued success through the Early Modern Era and after is attributed to the empire’s strong military, vast amount of territory, mastery of advanced technology, and incorporation of diverse cultures. INTRODUCE TOPIC. Mehmed II’s introduction of military and technology advancements allowed the Ottoman empire to use conquest to spread its authority and control, ultimately establishing the empire’s success and power in the Early Modern Era. SUMMARIZE EVIDENCE.

In many way the definition relates back to the Crusades. The Crusades are a series of holy wars that involved two multi-ethnic groups (Christians and Muslims) that fought for political domination of core periphery for their own religion. The Crusades exhibited a rigorous cultural presence, which is very important when it comes to creating a successful empire. During the Crusades, Christians had the capability of persuading people to convery and accept to the new idea of their religion, Christianity (Tristano). In return to the peoples conversions, they gained allegiance and loyalty from their conveersoners, but grew further apart from their Muslim opponent (Tristano). Not only did the Crusades exhibit a strong cultural presence, it also exhibited sufficient military strength. The two parties fighting in the Crusades fought for religion, but couldn’t do it without the ability to conquer and maintain control of their army. Although both sides had pretty sufficient army's, the duration of the holy wars were long lasting and left a historical impact of modern day history, which adds to the list of attributes necessary to create an empire (Checklist). Finally, the Crusades indirect need for viable economy impacts the determination considering the Crusades an empire.

In the article “The Ticking Bomb”, by Wade Davis, the author uses historical events to further evident his argument of the increase global tension and poverty due to the affluence western countries. The author starts the article with the 9/11 attack and, throughout the article, he examines the cause and effect of the attack. The author concludes that the United States is an omnipotent country, as they “dominate the geopolitical scene” (4). After the 9/11 attack, Americans declare a “war on terror” (G.W. Bush), which, as the author suggests, “[is an isolated phenomenon; however, the al-Qaeda organization, the organization that cause the attack, manifest into conflicts that are getting deeper and broader]” (5). The author then introduces the

prevails in the empire and away from the core of the empire exist the anarchic system.

American empire is a book that Bacevich argues about the power of globalized capitalism and also the ability of hegemonic of power of the” economic system”. Bacevich leaves his readers thinking a lot about the American foreign policy by showing the different things Clinton and Bush had in common and how 911 was consequence openness and that we the people need to help stop things like 911 from happen and work on getting the world on the same page so there is peace. He views the strategy that the American policy should have in this book. Bacevich use the term myth with explains the U.S. only believes certain things when it comes to the American

The central features of European imperialism; monopolistic Capitalism, the Civilizing Mission, and competition amongst Imperial powers all lead to a shrinking community and globalization of the world’s population. These features helped to create complex trade routes connecting communities around the globe while also introducing interaction between indigenous populations with European colonists. However these relations were not always equally beneficial. Creating linkages between peoples for interaction is the key that each of these features have in common and is the main factor in helping to spread culture and ideals to bring about a globalized world population.

Imperialism is the demonstration of extending a nation's domain through the utilization of power, colonization, or pressure. Amid the hundreds of years, vast and effective European nations, similar to Spain and England, set forth significant push to secure and run different nations and domains. For instance, the colonization and improvement of the United States was begun on the grounds that England needed to grow its realm to new regions that could give it more noteworthy force and assets. In spite of the fact that it has a genuinely straight-forward definition, imperialism is really an extremely muddled procedure that has a tendency to unravel through the span of many reasons and numerous races.