PARTITION FICTION IN HINDI, PUNJABI AND URDU: TAMAS (2001), PINJAR (SKELETON, 2009) AND AZADI KI CHHAON MEIN (IN FREEDOM’S SHADE, 2011)
The culture which has the richness of many other cultures into one is sure to play a vital role in shaping the human civilization at every stage of its development. India is that country which in a span of about five thousand years, has synthesized several waves of immigrants representing different ethnic straits and linguistic families which have merged into its population to contribute to its diversity, richness and vitality. Its culture through the ages has absorbed outside influences but retained its ancient heritage marvelously. In preface to Cultural Heritage Atlas of India, the Editor Dr. P Nag rightly observed, “The Indian culture lies in humanitarian values, equality, eternity and fraternity. Its culture and philosophy provide firm background to mankind so that man can follow love in place of hatred, non-violence in place of violence, impartiality and welfare of all in place of partiality” (vii-viii). Diffusion of Islam into Indian culture supplied one of the major forces in the shaping of India’s political, economic and socio-cultural history for at least a thousand years. Initially, Muslims no doubt, were different people with different traditions and outlooks. They certainly posed threats and newer challenges to the country. But it was that exclusive spirit of Indian people that they could not make different ones stay different
The British improved and modernized India which formed their efficiency that they have today. They established railroads and bridges so people can travel thru their country easier. The British also ingrained a fair trading system between India and British. Some may claim that it was not fair because the Indian textiles were getting sold less and less. From 1790 and so on the sales of Indian textiles progressively declined (Doc. 6).
The Islamic religion had five pillars that would surely get them into paradise and if they didn’t complete the pillars then they would be punished after death by being sent to the Hellfire. The Indian culture used the values karma and dharma to instill good morals
This constant rift deprived Muslims of a leader who could protect their rights and maintain Islam’s strong foothold in South Asia. The stagnant decay of the Mughal court
The area of the Khina culture is a plateau region in the mountains, surrounded by slopes and lots of rocks located in central Africa. The group living in the region is a pastoralism/early agriculture-based society, needing to grow food and collect supplies to prepare and cultivate their crops. It has been well documented that the transition into agriculture was very hard on humans as a whole, all around the world, and this would have been no different living where the Khina people lived. While little formal and recent archaeological excavations have been done in the area, the ethnographic record with recorded accounts from around the 1920s is extensive and provides a lot of information about what could be expected in an excavation of the area
Thesis: The English were a prideful group, entangled in ethnocentrism, that caused a condescending and harsh treatment of the Native Americans, while the Native Americans were actually a dynamic and superior society, which led to the resentment and strife between the groups. P1: English view of Native Americans in VA Even though the English were subordinates of the Powhatan, they disrespected him and his chiefdom due to their preconceived beliefs that they were inferior. “Although the Country people are very barbarous, yet have they amongst them such government...that would be counted very civil… [by having] a Monarchical government” (Smith 22). John Smith acknowledges the “very civil” government of the Natives but still disrespected them by calling them “very barbarous,” which
The Indo-European belief-system revolved around a pantheon of gods and goddesses. It also came to include the concept of the “Round of Spirit ” – rebirth of the psyche from one tool (including both animals and humans) to another. Later, the estimate of the material universe being an illusion became widespread. Such ideas were emphasised more strongly in the new teachings of Jainism and Buddhism, which both also had their parentage in ancient India, in the geezerhood around 500
The Marāthās, in particular, became so enraged that they eventually gained their independence from the Mughals and established their own empire,” (Gale). The departure of the Marāthās proves the lack of religious tolerance the Mughals had at times. The Marāthās were so enraged at the lack of acceptance that they left the empire rendering it smaller and weaker. This is just one example of the Mughals not only only neglecting to practice religious tolerance, but how refusing to accept all people for their beliefs backfired in the empire’s overall growth and unity.
In addition, Nehru explained that Muslims “are of us and will remain of us whatever happens” (Document 2). Not only did Gandhi help to achieve what each religion wanted, but did so while himself and Nehru encouraged Hindus and Muslims to remain
India’s Partition Plan was one of the most controversial events of the 20th century, and it is still debated today. The British colonial government divided the Indian subcontinent into Hindu-majority India and Muslim-majority Pakistan, and the partition led to one of the deadliest migrations in history. While many supporters of the plan believed it would create stable, religiously homogenous nations, others argued it would lead to violence and bloodshed. In this essay, I will explore the arguments for and against India’s Partition Plan and examine the evidence supporting each perspective.
Expectations often impose an inescapable reality. In the short story “Indian Education” by Sherman Alexie, Victor often struggles with Indian and American expectations during school. Alexie utilizes parallelism in the construction of each vignette, introducing a memoir of tension and concluding with a statement about Victor’s difficulties, to explore the conflict between cultures’ expectations and realities. Alexei initially uses parallelism to commence each vignette with cultural tension. In second grade, Victor undergoes a conflict with his missionary teacher, who coerced Victor into taking an advanced spelling test and cutting his braids.
Sherman Alexie writes the story “Indian Education” using a deadpan tone to build and connect the years of the narrator 's life together in an ironic way. Alexie is able to utilize irony through the use of separate, short sections within the story. The rapid presentation of events, simple thoughts, and poetic points made within the story enable the reader to make quick connections about the narrator’s life to draw more complex realizations. The art that Alexie uses to write this very short story is poetic in nature through the meaning and structure of his writing. By the fact that the reader can draw deeper conclusions about the narrator 's life from Alexie’s writing is evident that his writing is poetic.
Khushwant Singh’s Train to Pakistan recounts the event of the Partition of India, which happened in 1947. Set in a fictional village of Mano Majra, the novel aims to depict the cultural and political clash between the Sikhs, Hindus, and Muslims and, by following the development of the characters, unveil the moral of humanity. Throughout the novel, Singh portrays the experience of conflict that each character, including Juggut Singh, Iqbal Singh, and Hukum Chand, has to deal with. Based on the characters’ development, Singh’s goal is to present the idea that love always conquers the power of violence and ethnic antagonism. Singh starts off with a description of the Partition and of Mano Majra, a habitat for Sikhs, Hindus, and Muslims.
Antagonism can be defined as active hostility or opposition. India has a long tradition of religious tension. One of the most significant sustained religious conflicts has been between the Hindus and Muslims. This essay will focus on the causes of the Hindu-Muslim antagonism, and will at same time assess the quote of Sir S.A Khan. 1.
The essay will discuss a paper written by anthropologist Gregory Possehl – Sociocultural complexity without the state: the Indus Civilization. It will first present the usual classification when approaching ancient civilisations and briefly summarise Possehl’s main argument. The essay will then dig more deeply into the Indus case, relying on archaeological findings, to see how far Possehl’s position can be supported. Archaeologists and anthropologists are usually classifying social groups considering their social organisation and material culture – one widely accepted classification recognizes four levels of development: (1) the band, a hunter-gather, kinship-based group, (2) the tribe, an organised collection of bands, (3) the chiefdom, a centrally organised kinship-based group with hierarchy and single leader, and (4) the state, a complex, hierarchical, centrally organised, non-kinship-based social organisation (Young 2014:19). Such a classification has stirred debates among scholars, as it conveys the preconceived idea that social groups ‘progress’ following this linear trajectory – furthermore, it is difficult to define the moment and the circumstances associated to a change of status (when does a band become a tribe?)
The spread of Islam had been exceptional since widespread conversion in Southeast Asia started in the 13th century. As Islam continues to grow in present times, it potentially holds great political power over unlimited territory; Islam may eventually hold vast power over our society. Hence, this paper aims to discuss the use of Islam as a political tool and the use of politics in Islam using Indonesia as a key reference. As the process of Indianisation was concluded with the coming of Islam, the cultural heritage of Hinduism is reduced, and eventually, Hinduism will become heritage.