Biochemistry: The Cytoskeleton

Body systems interact with each other to maintain homeostasis. To start, let 's talk about what DNA actually is. DNA looks like a long spiral staircase. That structure is called a double helix. DNA is located in the nucleus of a cell.

Here occur the DNA duplication and the first steps in decoding genetic information. In all eukaryotic cells, there are also: the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus,

Roles of each consist of the nucleus contain genetic material, which controls the actions of the cell, the cytoplasm is where the most chemical process happens and I controlled by enzymes. The Cell membrane controls the flow to and from the cell, the Mitochondria has the most energy released by respiration. In the Ribosomes protein synthesis occurs, and in the extra parts of the plant structure is functions like the cell wall, which strengthens it. The Chloroplasts contains chlorophyll, it absorbs the light for photosynthesis, and finally the permanent vacuole is filled with cell sap that helps keep the cell

Transfection: One of the methods of gene transfer where the genetic material is deliberately introduced into the animal cell in view of studying various functions of proteins and the gene. This mode of gene transfer involves creation of pores on the cell membrane enabling the cell to receive the foreign genetic material. Transfection can be carried out using calcium phosphate (i.e. tricalcium phosphate), by electroporation, by cell squeezing or by mixing a cationic lipid with the material to produce liposomes which fuse with the cell membrane and deposit their cargo inside. The choice of methods of DNA transfer depends upon the target cells in which transformation will be performed. It also depends upon the objectives of gene manipulation.

DNA is compacted into chromosomes and is stored within the nucleus. DNA serves as the unique genetic instructions of all of life’s form and functions. DNA codes for the primary structure of all proteins, the most essential molecule for life, and these sequences of amino acids determine the structure and function of each protein.

Isolation, Digestion, Visualization of DNA and Analysis of Its Structure, Transcription and Translation By Canyu Yu (Celine) 1004145702 IFP 070 April 2, 2018 Lab Partners: Victoria Zhu Introduction: DNA?short for Deoxyribonucleic Acid), also known as deoxyribonucleotide, is a major component of chromosomes and a major genetic material. It can form genetic instructions to guide biological development and vital functioning (Irobalieva et al., 2015). All living organisms on the earth need for DNA in order to pass along their genetic material to offspring. In the process of DNA isolation, high concentration of ethanol will be added to form DNA

In an organism 's body, chemical reactions are constantly taking place. These essential reactions can make or break the well-being of the body, yet the brain behind these changes is often times not recognized. This little brain or “macromolecule” is called an enzyme. An enzyme is a type protein that is able to speed up over 5,000 different reaction types an organism (2). Through catalyzation, the process of speeding up chemical reactions, enzymes attach to a substrate/molecule and break it down so that it can be used throughout the organism.

NAT. REV. GENETICS 8 (4), 286–298 (2007)) Histone proteins, consist of a globular C-terminal domain and an unstructured N-terminal tail. The N-terminal tail of histones can undergo a variety of changes which include methylation and acetylation.

The synaptonemal complex is a protein complex, which can mediate the crossing over among homologous chromosomes (Peoples,T.L. 2002). It consists of three important parts, the lateral element, the central element and the transverse element. During the leptotene stage, the SYCP2 and SYCP3 proteins form axial elements, lateral element and precursors. The SYCP1 protein contains a carboxy-terminal domain and an amino-terminal domain that are necessary for interaction with lateral and central elements, respectively. The SYCP1 from transverse filaments interact with the SYCE1 and SYCE2, which are the central elements of the synaptonemal complex (Ding, Da‐Qiao,

Presently, the established knowledge base I have accumulated for this class comes mainly from my general biology class and some of my anatomy and physiology class. A brief run through of what I understand is that there are three domains almost all life falls under, including microorganisms: Archaea, Eukaryotes, and Prokaryotes. Furthermore, I have some understanding of the basic functions of cells and the ability to differentiate between eukaryotes and prokaryotes. With that said, I must refresh my memory on some of the material in order to be successful and up to speed.

2- Compare and contrast these types of eyes: Microvilli VS Cilia : Cilia : is a microscopic hair like structure that are found is almost all mammalian cell. Microvilli: microscopic cellular membrane which increase surface area of the cell, it has couple of functions such as cellular adhesion, absorption and secretion. protostomes VS deuterostomes: Protostomes: it 's a pore that is formed during embryonic developments which becomes the mouth.

2. How does DNA replicate itself? In order to replicate itself, DNA undergoes DNA replication, a process in which the DNA unwinds and splits in two. From that point on, new nucleotides are added to each of the original strands (A to T, C to G) until the result is two identical sequence copies of DNA.