Introduction:
In this experiment the rate of Daphina magna feeding was tested by the concentration of algae they were being fed. This experiment was performed in a three-hour lab period and was performed in groups of three. In this specific experiment the concentration of algae was what was being looked at. Many studies have been performed testing a similar study, the three studies that were relevant to this paper were studies regarding the concentration of algae and how it directly affected the feeding rate of the Dahpina magna. Each of the studies had other studies involved including temperate, swimming patterns and much more, but the concentration of food affecting feeding rate is what was focused on throughout these studies. For our
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The hypothesis that went along with this experiment was “higher concentrations of algae will have increased feeding rate of Daphina magna.” The prediction that followed this hypothesis was “if there are higher concentrations within the algae, the Dahpina magna will have an increased feeding rate.” Since Daphina magna are a constantly feeding organism, the rate of feeding will be directly correlated to the amount of food available. In areas where there is an abundance of algae then there should be a positive correlation between the feeding rate and concentration of algae.
Methods:
The lab began with a brief introduction to Daphine magna and an introduction to exactly how the lab was going to be carried out. First they collected 6 clear jars and labelled them accordingly: 0.5 (1), 0.5
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The results above showed that when the concentration of algae was 1.0ml the feeding rate increased by 155%. The results supported the hypothesis which stated “the higher algae concentration the faster the feeding rate of Daphina manga. As stated in the results section above, after doing this experiment it was shown that in fact the higher the algae concentration the higher the feeding rate and therefore this did end up supporting the hypothesis. Similar to the hypothesis the prediction that was made was “if there are higher concentration within the algae, the Daphina magna will have an increased feeding rate, it turns out that the prediction that was made was true in this particular experiment has the feeding rate was higher with a higher level of algae
The χ2 value was 0.012858, df was 3 and hence the P value was less than 0.001 which proves that this result is not a result of random probability and is in fact reliable. In Trial 3, twelve isopods (60%) made the choices of hiding behind the sucrose sponge. The χ2 value was 0.00350342, df was 3 and hence the P value was in between
Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) was the plant chosen for the experiment. Since, nicotine in tobacco is a stimulant, it is predicted that if Daphnia exposed to this substance would have an increased
Fish use the grass for shelter, to hide and protect themselves. Next in the food chain are copepods, which are very small organisms in the animal community, which are mostly referred to as zooplankton. These zooplankton consume the algae and bay grass. The next link in the food chain are anchovies. Anchovies consume the zooplankton.
After calculating the probability levels for the Chi square values, the sum was 17.8. The value fell in the range of low probability due to chance. Both, Table 9.7 and Table 9.8 rejected the null hypothesis of the experiment. Discussion The colored dots were used as a representation of the different phenotypes of the organism Dottus Variengatus.
The temperature of the solutions could also have played a factor in the Daphnia Heart rate as ideal conditions for Daphnia is 68 degrees Fahrenheit and the temperature of the solutions was not measured for.
Before getting the goldfish subjects, two beakers were filled with 200 ml fish water and weighed. Four goldfish were then collected gently from the fish tank and each two of them were transferred into one beaker. Each beaker along with fish and water was weighed again to determine the weight of each pair of goldfish. For the control group of each trial, the oxygen chamber was firstly filled with 200 ml fish water; after two goldfish along with 200 ml water were transferred into it, it was sealed in order to prevent oxygen exchange with the ambient environment.
Invasive species interact with the global health of ecosystems; cause great damage to natural systems and are a huge cost to society as a whole (1). Biologists and environmentalists are alarmed that the invasions of these species could lead to large-scale declines and extinction of native species (3). There are approximately 50,000 foreign species Living in the United States, causing major environmental damages which costs add up to about $120 billion a year. It is believed that about 42% of the threatened or endangered species are at risk because of invasive species (4).
The control to this experiment would be a open container with the same amount of Daphnia and observed for the same amount of time. There would also be a container with certain levels of oxygen concentration that would be observed. The independent variable of this experiment is the oxygen concentration in which the Daphnia will be placed in and the dependent variable of the experiment is the hemoglobin produced in the Daphnia. It takes an estimated two to three days for daphnia in hypoxic conditions to appear red, so the colors of the organisms would be observed for multiple days in order to see the whole process of hemoglobin synthesis in Daphnia. The effect of oxygen concentration on the hemoglobin produced in Daphnia will be tested by placing saran wrap over the petri dish in which the Daphnia live in with varying amounts of openings and measuring the amount of Daphnia that appear red due to the hemoglobin produced in it’s
Corotto, F., Ceballos, D., Lee, A., & Vinson, L. (2010). Making the Most of the Daphnia Heart Rate Lab: Optimizing the Use of Ethanol, Nicotine & Caffeine. The American Biology Teacher , 176-179. The purpose of this article was to test the effects of chemicals on Daphnia magna.
III. DIFFERENT TYPES OF GSO FSGSO Oliveira, Pacifico and Ludermir [15] are proposed Fish Swarm Group Search Optimizer (FSGSO) which is a hybrid Group Search Optimization based on the behaviors of fish swarms. The hybridization is based on the scrounging procedures in which were used the behaviors of Swarm, Follow, Prey and Leap from the Artificial Fish Swarm Algorithm [16]. In FSGSO, the producer maintains its search procedures, but the scroungers will execute the search procedures of fish. In traditional GSO scrounging strategies such as the area copying (common scrounging behavior), which can be modeled as a random walk towards the producer.
High growth rates may also impose costs, including adverse effects on future development, growth, reproduction and swimming performance. Accelerated growth in response to previous food restriction provides evidence that growth rates are regulated. It suggests that fishes can ‘evaluate’ their achieved growth trajectory and adjust growth rates to buffer deviations from an ‘ideal’ trajectory (Broekhuizen et al., 1994). The expression of this growth regulation is dependent on several factors (Wilson and Osbourn, 1960; Ryan,