Diabetic Retinopathy Literature Review

Estimation of diabetic retinopathy with artery/vein classification in retinal images using Artificial Neural Network

Leshmi Satheesh

M.Tech Student,Dept. of Electronics & Communication

Mohandas College of Engineering, Kerala University

Trivandrum-695541, Kerala, India

Email: [e-mail]

Abstract—Diabetic retinopathy is the single largest explanation for sight loss and visual impairment in eighteen to sixty five year olds . Damage of blood vessels in the eye and the formation of lesions in the retina are the earliest signs of diabetic retinopathy. Efficient image processing and analysis algorithms have to be developed for the automated screening programs to work robustly and effectively. For the detection of vascular changes

Hypertension and some other cardio-vascular conditions also exhibit certain changes in retinal blood vessels. Growth of new vessels (also known as neo-vascularization), disappearance of vessel ( due to occlusion) , change in dimension are some of the structural changes associated with blood vessels. In cases with hypertension, the retinal arteries dilate by about 35%. Inspite of diabetic retinopathy, age and hypertension also causes changes in the structural geometry of retinal vessels.

Diabetes may cause retinal abnormalities which is known as diabetic retinopathy, abnormalities in kidneys (diabetic nephropathy), nervous system (diabetic neuropathy) and is known to be one of the major risk for cardiovascular diseases. Diabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication caused by diabetes which can lead to blindness. There won’t be any visible signs in the early stages of diabetic retinopathy but as the time passes the severity and number of abnormalities increases. Diabetic retinopathy typically starts with microa-neurysm ,representing local enlargement of tiny retinal capil-laries, which is the first detectable sign. Second stage is hemor-rhage, which is caused by the ruptured microaneurysm.. Lipid formations leaking from weakened blood vessels ,known as hard exudates, appear after a period of time. As the retinopathy advances, the blood vessels may become obstructed causing microinfarcts

R.Ibrahimkutty, PG Coordinator Prof. Ajith Chan-dran M.C.and Mr.Aneesh R.P (external guide,IHRD regional centre) who was always ready to help me with ideas and suggestions for rectifying the mistakes that crept up from time to time during the completion of this venture. I also extend my whole hearted gratitude to my guide Mrs.Shally K who was always ready to help me with ideas and helped me a lot in rectifying the mistakes. I would also like to thank my friends and last but not the least the staff of ECE department for their whole hearted support and encourgement.

REFERENCES

[1] Behdad Dashtbozorg, Ana Maria Mendonca; ”An Automatic Graph-Based Approach for Artery/Vein Classification in Retinal Images”; IEEE Transactions on image Processing, Vol. 23, No. 3, March 2014

[2] L.R.Sudha , S.Thripurasundari,”Analysis and Detection of Haemorrhages and exudates in retinal images”;International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 4, Issue 3, March 2014

[3] Qiangfeng Peter Lau, Mong Li Lee, Wynne Hsu, and Tien Yin Wong, ”Simultaneously Identifying All True Vessels From Segmented Retinal Images”, IEEE Transactions On Biomedical Engineering, Vol. 60, No. 7, July 2013

[4] Balint Antal and Andras Hajdu ,”An Ensemble-Based System for Mi-croaneurysm Detection and Diabetic Retinopathy Grading”; IEEE Trans-actions on biomedical engineering ,Vol. 59,