Diels Alder Reaction

12. The TLC data obtained is provided in a table below. The TLC data was conducted solely in a 9:1 hexane/ethyl acetate solvent solution as opposed to the 1:1 and pure hexane solution as well. This was due to the lack of time, but as explained in number 7, a very polar solvent (1:1 solution) or non-polar solvent (pure hexane) is not ideal when obtaining

The Z product was a liquid, while the E product was a solid. The final product weight for percent yield was only the solid E product, which missed one half of the final product produce. If both products were weight, the percent yield would have been larger that it was. Instead of 22.33%, it could have been 44.66%. To prove that both products were obtained, but only one of the two products was analyze, a TLC plate of the DCM layer, that contains both products, and of the final product, was obtain.

This ensures that only the compound with the lower boiling point is completely condensed before the compound with the higher boiling point begins to condense. Therefore, this means that the 2-propanol has condensed completely before 1-butanol had begun to, allowing the individual boiling points to be clearly analysed. As well the product can be pure 2-propanol if the temperature is decreased before the 1-butanol begins to condense. Compared to the simple distillation, it would be difficult to identify when the two compounds would be separated from the ever-increasing temperature. In addition, if one was intending to separate compounds with close boiling points, fractional distillation would better the better distillation

Enzymes are proteins that catalyze chemical reaction, and they work best at their optimal conditions (optimum pH, temperature etc.) but when the environment is not close to the optimum conditions, the enzymes denature and do not function anymore1. An excellent example would of the effect of temperature on yeast fermentation would be that the bacterial cells if exposed to very high temperature (above the optimal) would no longer function since their enzymes are denatured. The yeast would produce the most Carbon dioxide in the optimal temperature (45 °C ±1/°C) and other temperatures below the optimal temperature would not produce sufficient Carbon dioxide and any temperature above will produce too much that it will lead to the sinking of the bread and death of yeast because its enzymes have been denatured, therefore the reaction will stop. The bread will certainly sink if is not exposed to the right temperature the yeast will not ferment

Your lab results showed that there was no protein in your urine. It is important that a patient would have no protein in the urine because then they would have something called proteinuria. Your results also came back negative for glucose and ketones. Glucose and ketones are not normally found in the urine. If a patient had glucose present in the urine, they would

This conversion was required to perform a conjugated addition of the alpha-carbon of acetone to 2-nitrobenzaldehyde, resulting in formation of an aldol, which is subsequently converted to Indoxyl. 5mL of 2M Sodium Hydroxide was diluted by the presence of 35mL of water, effectively reducing its concentration to 0.25M. A low hydroxide ion concentration was required to prevent aldol from condensing, which will result in the hydroxyl group leaving as water. Ethanol was subsequently added to reduce the time required for drying

Though there is starch in the mix of chemicals, the triiodide doesn 't react with it because that starch is immediately consumed in a reaction with the thiosulfate. Equation 2: I3S- + 2 S2O32- → 3 I- + S4O62- • I3S- = Triiodide • S2O32- = Thiosulfate ion • 3 I- = Iodide ion • S4O62- = Tetrathionate ion Here, the triiodide reacts with thiosulfate to form iodide ions and tetrathionate. This reaction is so fast that none of the triiodide has time to form a complex with starch, even though the starch is in the reaction mix. The reactions in Equations 1 and 2 are moving along during the lag time between mixing the chemicals and the dramatic appearance of the blue color. Note that iodide ions are regenerated in Equation 2, so they are available to react with the hydrogen peroxide in Equation 1.

Also, salt is an ionic compound and not a polar covalent compound, even though it did not melt last, due to the fact that the elements Na and Cl, both lose or gain an electron and then bond because of their opposite charges, which is a property only ionic bonds possess. The wax was the only substance whose results were synonymous with my hypothesis, since it required a low temperature for its melting point and was not soluble in water, both properties of nonpolar covalent compounds. Potential sources of error included not labeling the spots each substance was placed in the aluminum foil boat, seeing as the result for sugar seemed to be the correct conclusion for salt and vice versa. A future experiment would involve individually testing each substance in an aluminum foil boat, of the same brand, on a heat plate in order to avoid uncertainty. Each substance should be timed to record the precise time each substance began to melt or burn.

1. The reaction is an oxidation and reduction reaction. Bubbles were observed because oxygen is being release from the reaction as a gas as part of the reduction part of the reaction. Enzymes work efficiently at a body temperature of 37o C therefore if the enzyme was boiled before adding it to the peroxide there would be no bubbles due to the fact that the enzyme would be denatured. The enzyme would be inactivated.

The product (Cu(OH)2) was unstable and could reform Cu2+ and OH- ions due to its high solubility. This result can cause difficulties on separating Cu from the other metals in the AMD. Therefore, additional treatment, such as sulfidization, is required to prevent the occurrence of the reformation process

The temperature of the experiment must remain consistent because when temperatures are low all of the enzymes that were involved in the catalysis converting CO2 to carbohydrates work slower and little to no photosynthesis is occurring. The opposite is true when the temperature is too high. The enzyme RUBISCO becomes decreasingly defective in fixing CO2 despite it not becoming denatured. So at too high or too low temperatures, there is little use of ATP and excited electrons restricting further photolysis. An improvement would be to use an acrylic and translucent sheet to act as a barrier between the experiment and the lamp.

It is very soluble because the smaller the chain of the molecules are then the energy will be required in small quantities however if the chain is long then it will need more energy so that means that the longer chain will have a slow reaction. It does not have a color and it does not cause fires to happen. It may burn the skin because it is a corrosive substance which is why you should wear gloves when you are handling it. If you swallow the hydrogen chloride then it can be dangerous because it is a toxic substance The bonding in hydrogen chloride is called covalent bonding because nonmetals and metals have the capability to react

Before starting the heating process, measure the weight of the crucible with its cover first and then tare the balance, and after that adding about 1 gram of the sample to the crucible with its cover, and then weigh it. Moreover, it is possible liberating harmful gases during the process of heating; therefore, being careful is important. The heating process ends when this sample changes the color to brown because water of hydration is removed to the sample. Additionally, give time to the small cool down and measure its weight. Next, transfer the sample to a 50 mL beaker and mixes with distilled water, which gets by rinsing the crucible with its cover in 8mL, so the solution is generated.