Chapter 3
Latches and Flip-Flops
3.1 Introduction
Latches and flip-flops are the fundamental elements for storing information.A latch or flip-flop stores one bit of information[38]. The main difference between latches and flip-flops is that in the case of latches, outputs are constantly affected by their inputs when the enable signal is high.. Flip-flops output changes at the rising or falling edge of the enable signal. This enable signal is the controlling clock signal. After the rising or falling edge of the clock, the flip-flop content remains constant even if the input changes.
There are basically four main types of latches and flip-flops: SR, D, JK, and T. The major differences in these
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Clock-to-Q delay
Propagation delay from the clock input to the output Q terminal. On Assumption that the data input D is set early enough with respect to the effective edge of the clock input signal.
3.4.2. Setup time
The minimum time needed between the D input signal change and the triggering clock signal edge on the clock input. This parameter ensures that the output will follow the input in worst case conditions of process, voltage and temperature (PVT) and assumes that the clock triggering edge and pulse have enough time to capture the data input change.
3.4.3. Hold time
The minimum time needed for the D input to stay stable after the occurrence of the triggering edge of the clock signal. This metric guarantees that the output Q stays stable after the triggeringedge of the clock signal takes place, under worst PVT situations. This metric assumes that the D input change happened at least after a minimum delay from the previous D input change.
3.4.4. Data-to-Q delay
The sum of setup of data to the D input of flip-flop and the Clock-to-Q delay as defined above. It is desirable to minimize the setup time requirement of flip-flops and the Clock-to-Q delay to target the highest possible frequency for the design at
This tells the program to supply 0 volts the LED, resulting in it turning off. Finally, the delay instruction again causes the program to delay for 1000 milliseconds so that the LED remains unlit for that amount of time. Since there isn’t an instruction that makes the program exit the loop, the program will continue to run to run the instructions in the loop function
The DIFS, or DCF Inter-Frame Space, is the base time taken by any station yet not the organizer must hold up to transmit. On the off chance that the medium is detected to be free, after a DIFS, a station may begin decrementing its backoff counter. The PIFS is shorter than the DIFS so that the central coordinator can take control of the network whenever The EIFS, or Extended Inter-Frame Space, is the minimum wait time for a station that receives corrupted frames or other errors. The EIFS is frequently variable relying upon the type and number of mistakes. Prior to the station has the opportunity to transmit once more, the EIFS time is intended to give another station time to ACK the casing that was gotten and deciphered as degenerate.
Trap is a synchronous interrupt caused by an exceptional condition. Like invalid memory access. A trap usually results in a switch to kernel mode, wherein the operating system performs some action before returning control to the originating process 3. How can multiprogramming
It is assumed that a transmission delay takes place at instant $t_k$, then the sampled data is used for observer at instants $t_k+
Addressing: • We can assign byte address across words in two ways. • Big-endian addressing assigns lower addresses to more significant (leftmost) bytes of word. • Little-endian addressing uses opposite order. • Commercial computers use either approach, and some can support both approach Memory Space: In each memory location, we can store 1 byte(8-Bits).Memory Locations are numbered as Big_endian order below.
Illustrate how a mobile station dynamically perform timing advance, adjust power level and perform handover operation 8. Describe advanced digital
x x Physical Design x This underlines the importance of the instruction set architecture. There are two prevalent
Components Computers have one or a lot of big or small R-A-M chips inside. RAM chips are a random access memory chip inside, the computer uses it to store information that will be used anytime or used to store something like the copy clipboard(The copy clipboard is the thing that stores what you copy to paste later) to delete/change later. There is also a spinning or solid state hard drive that uses DVD like disks that stores information like your video games, pictures, or other things. A CPU is the thing that your computer uses to do all the processing work, like our brain but not like it. CPU stands central-processing-unit.
γ is kept proportional to the IP-ToS. The up scaling factor γup and down scaling factor γdown are considered as follows: (a) γup = 20 and γdown = 20 for video streaming (b) γup = 20p2 and γdown = 10p2 for NRT traffic and (c) γup = 40 and γdown = 10 for BE traffic. The active time for video streaming traffic and NRT traffic are taken as 4 and 2 times of the active time for BE traffic. 4)
Network internet layer This can be used to set the border line of what people can think of about the network. With this layer it will be able to interconnect with networks and will decide how the layers can do this process. It will be able to can concentrate and determine how the data will get from one remote network to the computer. Also it will take care with devices which are local. This is mainly tasked to take care of is routing which allows data to be moved the data across the series of networks which are connected.
3.1.1 Dual Clock In this technique it is assumed that delay misses rarely happens, then circuit schedules are designed using minimal delays for critical paths. Pair of alternate clocks, fast and slow, is used. The system normally operates at the fast clock however, when an error is noticed, computation for the input values which is causing error is restarted at the slower clock. Under the premise that delay errors occur for small number of input values, the system can switch back to the faster clock on the next input value.
Ray Bradbury’s short story “The Veldt” teaches readers that too much technology can have a bad effect on people. In the story, the Hadley family lives in a Happylife Home which has machines that do pretty much everything for them. The machines make their meals, brush their teeth and tie their shoelaces. There is even a nursery for the children that creates any world they could imagine. In the end of the story, the nursery and the family take a turn for the worse.
The unique bond that exists between a mother and her child is practically unbreakable. A mother’s love is unselfish, unconditional, and knows no boundaries. Without the love and support of a mother, a child is like a ship lost at sea. The only way one can possibly repay their mother for all they have done is by giving her the same relentless love and affection that she have always given. In “The Lanyard”, Billy Collins implements juxtaposition, humorous comparisons, and metaphors to refrain the poet's message of love from lapsing into a cliché about parental love and convey the theme of a mother’s love.
“Ray Bradbury’s writing danced along the boundaries between mystery, sci-fi, horror and fantasy”. (Brin 1) Ray Bradbury is an Author, famous for his science fiction short stories and novels. Many of his ideas influenced the stories of Hollywood. His short story “The Veldt” is similar to that of the movie “Smart house”. His idea of childhood not being completely innocent that he establishes in “The Small Assassin” can be seen in many horror films both past and present.
After eight years of marriage, what allows Nora to see that she must break free from the “Doll’s House”? “A Doll’s House” is a play written by Henrik Ibsen, set in late nineteenth century where women were expected to uphold social norms of being a submissive wife and a caring mother. In the beginning of the play, Nora is initially portrayed as a naive and obedient “doll” trapped inside of a “Doll’s House”, but towards the end of the play, Nora is able to come to the realisation that she was never happy during her eight years of marriage with Torvald, leading to her leaving Torvald and breaking free from the “Doll’s House”. This essay will explore the different factors which allows Nora to see why she must break free.