Differences Between The Last Indian Wars Between 1860 And 1890
This essay considers The Last Indian Wars between 1860 and 1890. Since the arrival of first European settlers in 15th century, violent conflict between the white settlers and the Amerindians resulted in battles or massacres such as King Phillip’s War (1676) and Wounded Knee Massacre (1890). American society consistently displaced Amerindians further west in the frontier. The frontier, in turn, marked the border for American civilization. Manifest Destiny and anti-Amerindian sentiments heavily influenced the federal government’s campaign against Amerindians. John O’Sullivan defines Manifest Destiny “Our manifest destiny is to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions.” Like John …show more content…
In response, there were several resistances took place by the Amerindians. The Cherokee Nation responded to the Indian Removal Act differently from the other tribes, usually the war paths like in King Phillip’s war and Pontiac’s Rebellion, they strived to fit in the American society in civilized methods by assimilation, legislation and ignorance. At first, Cherokees gradually abandoned their semi-nomadic life, adopted agricultural lifestyle, initiated businesses, and developed written language, establishing their own newspaper known as Cherokee Phoenix and a government. Despite the efforts of Cherokees to assimilate in the white community, the federal government constantly forced Cherokees to emigrate to the west. So Cherokees took an alternative action, taking Georgia to the Supreme Court of the United States. Even though the Supreme Court rule noted that Georgia has no right to neither to control nor to take the authority over the Amerindian lands, the federal government ignored and continued to force …show more content…
Phillip Wells, a mixed blood Sioux who served as an interpreter for the Army explains what was taking place at the encampment "The captured Indians had been ordered to give up their arms, but Big Foot replied that his people had no arms. Forsyth said to me, '[…] Tell him he need have no fear in giving up his arms, as I wish to treat him kindly.' Big Foot replied, 'They have no guns, except such as you have found.'” As that was happening, a soldier was struggling to take a gun from the deaf Amerindian, the gun was accidently fired and on December 29, 1890, what has become known as the Wounded Knee Massacre took place. Many Indians tried to resist the US soldiers with knives and tomahawks but as the Hotchkiss machine gun shot fire, they were soon massacred. "I did not know then how much was ended. […] I can still see the butchered women and children lying heaped and scattered along the crooked gulch as plain as when I saw them with eyes still young. And I can see that something else died there in the bloody mud, and was buried in the blizzard. A people's dream died there. It was a beautiful dream... The nation's hoop is broken and scattered. There is no center any longer, and the sacred tree is dead." During the massacre, more than 200 Sioux were killed and resulted large number of
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Summary Of Manifest Destiny And American Territorial Expansion
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