Chapter Three
Cooperative Coding
3.1 Introduction:
In this chapter represented the cooperative communication and explain the different between the Multi-Input Multi-Output (MIMO) and cooperative communication .
Also this chapter the advantages and disadvantages of network coding are introduced. Then linear network coding (encoding and decoding) is provided. Finally, the applications of network coding are explained.
Also this chapter error detection and correction that data link layer responsible of them by using Convolutional Coding(CC).
3.2Cooperative communication :
Wireless is one of the most rapidly developing technologies in our time, with dazzling new products and services emerging on an almost daily basis. These developments present enormous challenges for communications engineers, as the demand for increased wireless communication distance , interference reduction and improvement throughput in wireless network.[1]
This the above challenges can be solve by using MIMO (multiple-input multiple-output)generally requires more than one antenna at the transmitter and at the receiver. However , many wireless and wireless sensor network devices are limited by size or hardware complexity to one antenna. Recently, anew class of methods have the same advantage MIMO system called cooperative communication has been proposed that enables single antenna mobiles in a multi-user environment to share their antennas and generate a virtual MIMO transmitter that allows them to achieve
In a location-based relaying approach, the MN will avant-garde this affiliated appraisement to the AP, so that the AP has an actualization ˆ x (t) of the MN’s coordinate, which in the acclimatized case is a sampled and delayed acclimation of ˜ x (t). The AP afresh will crop an acclimation based on this inaccurate and delayed adeptness of the position of the adjustable node: which of the appellant advertisement nodes to use or if it is bigger to achieve an complete chiral to the destination. The
When one receives a signal, it must wait for the transmitter to stop transmitting, before replying. In these half-duplex systems, if more than one emits a transmission at the same time, a collision will occurs and messages will be lost. The messages sent by nodes are corrupted. The receiving nodes receive random data.
Specialist Dental Services (SDS) has an existing Token ring infrastructural that uses IEEE 802.5 standard, meaning that it is a local area network in which all computers are liked in ring or start topology. A token (special bit pattern that travels around the circle, computer catches token to send a message, after attaching massage token is then continues traveling around the network) design is used to prevent collision of date between messages that were send at the same time. In the token ring infrastructure data rate transfer is 4 to 16 Mbps, with shielded and unshielded twisted-pair cabling of 1,2,3 IBM types to wire a token network. An Ethernet is different, since whenever any computer needs to send data, it does not need a token to send a message, any computer can send data at any time.
The aim of SAR algorithm is to reduce average weighted QoS metric throughout network lifetime. Another wireless sensor network QoS routing protocol that ensures soft real-time end- to-end guarantees is SPEED that ensures avoidance of congestion during network congestion. Diff-MAC is a Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) based QoS-aware MAC protocol with differentiated services and hybrid prioritization. Diff-MAC aims at increasing the utilization of the channel with effective service differentiation mechanisms while providing fair and fast delivery of the data.
6. True or False: NetStumbler can check for wireless networks and their signal strength, review which channels are being used, and then compare competing networks to monitor interference. 7. Wireless networks were identified by drawing
In our simulations, there are one MeNB and one SeNB, and the distance between MeNB and SeNB is 1 km. All UEs are assumed to have dual connectivity capability, and their initial locations are randomly assigned. A UE can connect to the SeNB if the detected signal strength on that SeNB is larger than $-75$ dBm. Each UE is configured to have one bearer, and the traffic type of the bearer is constant bit rate (CBR). For a UE, it may receive data from MeNB, SeNB or both of MeNB and SeNB depending on its location or the decisions of our traffic scheduler.
Answer 22: There are two options of either counting the data or the bytes while numbering the sequences of data. Answer 23: Error correction is option when the transmitted data contains redundant information, there are huge delays in transmitting the data or there is special need for
Every node sharing data transmission through a more reliable usage of the routing scheme, for balancing the left node energy and enhance the survival time of the whole network. 3. Fault tolerance: Routing protocols should have fault tolerance. WSNs nodes are susceptible to failure, therefore, a protocol should make full usage of the network information which is simply retrieve by a node for calculating routes, so as to assure that the routing failure can be recovered as soon as possible; multi-path transmission can also enhance the data transmission reliability. 4.
One to one communication: One to one communication is a conversation between two people; which does not include a third person. This type of conversation has a start; which means the conversation has to start off with a greeting, one to one communication al so includes a middle section, which is when you and the person discuss the topic or of what your both going to be speaking about. This particular type of communication also needs an ending, for example when the conversation is coming to an end you can end it by saying “good bye” or “see you later”. Group communication: group communication is when everyone is involved in the conversation/ discussion, it works out best id there is someone in charge such as a team leader , who makes sure everyone
To provide a strong bi-directional communications link with comparably long range, low latency for fast receptivity, low power and a satisfactory data rate to combine information from many connected devices, these “things” are mutually connected over a framework by using combinations of ZigBee, sub-GHz, Wi-Fi or powerline communications (PLC)
It will be able to directed the traffic and share information on the progress of the devices host on the network. This can also be done alone. If there are any communication errors, then the data packets will be checked by the network internet layer before transmitting the data packets. This has to be clear and not be
Fundamentals of Networking IT204-1701A-03 Unit 1 Discussion Board 2 Andrew LeLusche Professor Gregory Roby Colorado Technical University 1/6/2017 Fundamentals of Networking IT204-1701A-03 Unit 1 Discussion Board 2 In order to choose the correct network for your needs, it is important to first understand the differences, advantages, and disadvantages between a peer to peer network and a client/server network. Whether you are a family home, a mom and pop shop, a data center or large corporation- there is a network for your needs. A network is a system of operating machines that allows a user to access an interface suitable for creating and saving documents, access webpages and video/audio content, run administrative programs to serve clients based on whatever business model or service provider you are. First let’s discuss a peer to peer network.
11. What are the states that a process can be in? Answer: A process is the function where a series of different states being carried. New State: It is the state where a process is being created.
Data Communication protocols are formal descriptions of data formats and rules in which the more than one system exchanges data /information. The protocols cover various issues such as authentication, error detection and correction. Popular network communications protocols used are the TCP/IP and User Datagram Protocol (UDP), while TCP is connection oriented once a connection is established, UDP connectionless Internet protocol. The model for information exchange includes the data source which generates the data to be transmitted, Transmitter which converts the data into transmittable signals, Transmission system which carries the data, Receiver which converts received signals into data and Destination which takes incoming data. TCP/IP uses
Communications Technology Introduction In this essay I am going to discuss the current and relevant issues of many communication technologies and their uses also the different types of communications technologies that are used in everyday life. Their advantages and disadvantages along the lines of how they affect our personal and professional lives. I will also touch on the health and safety communications legislation and its roll in modern life. Current and relevant issues in Communication and Information Technology