Disadvantages Of Cross Pollination

Transferring pollen grain from anther into stigma in the same flower or different flower to allow fertilization occurs is a process called pollination (Kwon, 2003). As the fertilization occurs, the ovules become seed and ovary develops into fruit. The pollination process has two types, which are self pollination and cross pollination. Self pollination takes place when anther and stigma are from the same flower, from different flowers on the same plant, or from flowers on different plants of the same cultivar, (Abrol, 2013). Meanwhile, cross pollination occurs when the pollens is transferred from one cultivars to the flower of a different cultivar of the same species (Abrol, 2013). The cross pollination give benefits to the crops since, genetic

Heterotrigona itama is one of the stingless bees that endemic to Malaysia. It also produce honey like honey bee. H. itama is smaller in size and it is black in color. It body have three segment; head, thorax and abdomen. It has six legs and a pair of wing which is attached at thorax part. It has modified leg called corbiculae or local name pollen basket. The corbiculae is for collect and transport the material for example, pollen. As it is buzzing pollinator, it vibrates and release out the pollen from the anther (Kwapong et al., 2010). According to Kwapong et al.,(2010), in the colony consists of the queen, workers, and drones. In the colony, the queen is like a mother to the colony. The queen has chemical substances called pheromones where it is released to manage organizations and activities of the nest. Moreover, it has different pheromones which can be release thus, the colony can differentiate and interpret hence act accordingly. Kwapong et al., 2010 stated that the workers are the female stingless bees that develop from larvae hatched from fertilized eggs. The workers are responsible for foraging, house cleaning, defense and larval feeding. The drones are male stingless bees will develop from unfertilized eggs. According to Kwapong et al., (2010), the worker will secure the nest and use propolis to close their nest entrances. The propolis will be collected by workers from resins, gums and

From the previous study by El- Kazafy & Yousry, (2009) the insects such as beetles and solitary bees; also flies have been proof that these insects become pollinators of cucubits. Moreover, Abrol, (2013) stated that the large numbers of bees on a crop guarantee good pollination as a result, produce a high quality of fruits and high in number of fruit sets..Furthermore, Slaa et al., 2006 stated that the pollination efficiency of a specific stingless bee species depends on the crop. Kiatoko, 2012 said that in Japan, there were crops that tested to pollinate the crops by stingless bee such as white clover, tomatoes, cucumbers, eggplants, paprika and red peppers in greenhouse. The previous study by Del Sarto et al., (2005) cited by Kiatoko, 2012 proved that the tomatoes that have been pollinated by Neotropical stingless bee Meliponula quadrifasciata (Lepeletier) produced better quality of fruits, but the fruit that another type of insect became less in seed compared to those produced by manual pollination. According to Santos (2004) cited by Kiatoko, (2012), Scaptotrigona depilis and Nannotrigona testaceicornis which are stingless bee too, were effective pollinators of greenhouse cucumber. The production of cucumber was more, higher fruit weight and the percentage of perfect fruits also higher than the